YOUTH'S HlSiOPtl 



OF THE 



y-/f 



UNITED STATES 



DESIGNED FOR 



INTERMEDIATE CLASSES IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS. 




^^'UNT VKWiUN. 



BY JAMES MONTEITH, 

AUTHOR OF SCHOOL GEOGRAPHIES, WALL MAPS, EASY LESSONS IN POPULAR SCIENCE, AS9 
POPULAR SCIENCE READER. 



A. S. BARNES & COMPANY, 

NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. 



PLAN OF THE WORK. 



irE following are the principal features of this work, viz.: 

1st. It is ari-awged in the catechetical form, and contains all the important facts of 
American History, systematized in such a manner that the pnpil advances with profit 
and pleasure. 

2d. Maps, with special reference to the matter, are introduced, with geographical 
exercises, affording* the learner a knowledge of the localities of battle-grounds, forts, 
&c., mentioned in history. 

3d. The Review of each year, or period, will be found very serviceable in rendering 
more impressive the parts over which the learner has just passed. A valuable feature 
here is, that the questions in the Review are not only varied in form, but the questions 
and answers of the preceding exercises are reversed in the Review : — thus, in the exer- 
cises — "In what year was America discovered? Ans. 1492." The Review Question 
would be, — •■' For what is the year 1492 memorable ?" 

4tli. As beginners are so often perplexed and discouraged in their eiforts to commit 
to memory the dates, these are inclosed in parentheses ; so that they may be omitted 
until the learner has acquired a thorough knowledge of the events. 

5th. The book contains Biographical Sketches of all persons who have been promi- 
nently identified with the history of our country. The importance of this addition tc 
a history is very apparent. 

Throughout the preparation of this work, the most reliable and popular authoritiei 
have been considted. 

[Copyright Secured.] 




'•i 



CONTENTS 



PACE. 

EaRI.T DWOOVERIK-S c 9 

Virginia 13 

New York 15 

Massachusetts 17 

New Haufshibs, Oohjteotiout, Rhodb Ibland, and M^JtYUAxn 18 

New Jersey, Delawabe, Pennbtlvaota, and North Cajbouna 19 

South Oarouna, Georgia, Maine, Vermont, Tennessee, and Kextuckt 20 

Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Illtnois, Alabama, Mistjoriu, Abkansab, and 

MiciOGAN 21 

Florida, Texas, Iowa. WtsooKsra, Oai.ifoenia, Minnesota, Obewon. and Washinoton. 22 

Eansas, Nebbabka, Daootah, and Abizona 88 

The Frencu and Imhan- War 23 

The Revolution — 1 775 28 

" " 1776 32 

" « 1777 85 

** " 1778 38 

•* •* 1779 o 40 

« « 1780 43 

«t •* 1781 46 

" " 1782AND 1783 47 

Constitution formed ^ 



CONTENTS, 

PAGE. 

Wak with Great Bkitain — 1812 49 

" " 1813 52 

1814 54 

1815 5G 

WAii WITH Algieks 57 

The Mexican War — 1846 58 

1847 GO 

Recent Expeditions and Explorations. Magnetic Telegraph 63 

The Civil War — 1861 to 1865 64 

The French in Mexico: Death of MAxinnjAN: Pacific Railroads, The Panic 

OF 1873 70 

Centennial Exhibition, Indian Troubles, Death of Custer, President Garfield 

Assassinated 71 

List of Presidents of the United States : First Thirteen States 71 

The Declaration of Independence. . ; 73 

The Constitution op the United States with Amendments 75 

Biographical Sketches 83 



IM ^ F S. 

No. 1. Discoveries op Early Navigators 11 

" 2. Grants made in the Seventeemth Century 12 

" 3. French and Indian War 25 

" 4. The Revolution — New York, New Jersey, Boston, Charleston, and Lake 

George 33 

" 5. The Revolution — The Southern States 41 

" 6. Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, Lake Champlain, St. Lawrence River, Niagara 

River, Chesapeake Bay, Alabama, and New Orleans 50 

" 7. The Wak with Mexico 58 



HISTORY 



OF Til 




l^\'ITED STATES. 



LESSON I. 

Quedion. When, nndbywhom was 
Amtiica discoverdl ■ 

Ansioer.ln the year 1492, 
by Christopher Cohunbus. 

Q. Where was Columbus born ? 

A. In Genoa, in the north- 
western part of Italy. 

Q. From what country did he sail ? 

A. From Spain. 







Q. Where did he intend to go ? 

A. To India, in Asia. 

Q. In what direction did Europeans go to India? 

A. Easterly. 

Q. In wliat direction did Columbus sail upon this 
^•casion ? 

A. Westward, on tlie Athmtic Ocean. 

Q. Why did Columbus think to arrive at India by 
a westerly course on the Atlantic ? 

A. lie knew the Earth was a gh>be, and 

th(iught the Atlantic extended from Enrope 

westward to Asia. 



Q. What land stopped him on his way to Asia ? 
A. America and its islands. 

Q. Where did he su[ipose he had ajiived ? 

A. He thonght he had reached Asia. 

Q. How far had he really gone ? 

A. Abont one third the distance from 
Enrope westward to Asia. 

Q. Wiiere did Columbus first land ? 

A. On one of the Bahamas, named Saii 
Salvador, or Guanahaiii. 



10 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



LESSON II. 

Q. What did Columbus name the land and the in- 
habi tants ? 

A. Thinking he had reached India, he 
named the land "West Indies, and the in- 
habitants Indians 

Q. When did he leave Spain ? 

A. August 3d, 1492. 

Q When did he reach San Salvador? 
A. October 12th, 1492. 
Q How many times did Columbus visit America? 
A. Four times. 

Q. When did he discover the Continent ? 
A. In the year 1498, — on his third voy- 
age. 

Q. What part of the Continent was first discov- 
ered by Columbus ? 

A. At the mouth of the river Orinoco, 

in South America. 

Q. Did Columbus ever learn that he had discov- 
ered a new world ? 

A. He did not. 

Q. Where and when did Columbus die ? 

A. In Spain, fourteen years after the 
discovery of America. 

Q. Where were his remains finally buried ? 

A. In Havana, the capital of Cuba. 

Q. After whom was America named ? 

A. Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian, who 
visited America in the year 1499. 

Q Why was this continent named after Amerigo ? 

A. His description of the country being 
the first published, many believed him to 
be the first discoverer. 



LESSON III. 

Q. Did Columbus ever visit North Americ? ? 

A. He did not. 

Q. Who first explored the coast of North America ? 
A. John Cabot and his son Sebastian, 
who sailed from England. 

Q. What part of North America did they explore ? 

A. The coast of Labrador, [in the year 
1497.] 

Q. What voyage did Sebastian Cabot make in 1438 ? 

A. He explored the coast from Laora- 
dor to Yirginia. 

Q What did England claim in consequenci of the 
discoveries of the Cabots ^ 

A. Tlie greater part of North America. 

Q What discoveries were made in 1506 1512, and 
1513? 

A. Yucatan was discovered m 1506. 
Florida in 1512, and the Pacific Ocean in 
1513. 

Q. By whom was Florida discovered ? 

A. By Ponce de Leon, who went in 
search of a fountain, said to possess the 
property of imparting youth to all who 
drank of its waters. 

Q. What was the fate of De Leon ? 

A. He was mortally wounded, on his 
second voyage, by the Lidians. 

Q Who first discovered the Pacific Ocean ? 

A. Nunez de Balboa, from the Andes 
Mountains, in the Isthmus of Danen. 
Q Who explored the coast of Mexico ? 

A. Cordova, [in 1517.] 



DISCOVEllIES. 



11 



LESSON IV. 

Q. Who first conquered Jlt^xico ? 

A. Cortez, a Spaniard, [in 
1521.] 

Q. Wlio was first sent to America 
from France, for the purpose of ex- 
ploring ? 

A . John Yerrazzani. Avlio ex- 
plored tlie coast from ]S^orih 
Carolina to Kewfonndland ; 
[1524.] 

Q. Who first engaged in the fisheries 
of Newfoundland ? 

A. Tlie French, [as early as 

1504.] 

Q. What voyages were made by 
James Cartier ? 

A. James Cartier, under the 
French government, made 
three voyages to the St. Law- 
rence Kiver, [which he Urst 
discovered in 1534.] 

Q. Were Cartier's efforts to form a 
colony successful ? 

A. They were not. 

Q, How was Cartier treated by the 
natives ? 

A. Dui'ing his first and sec- 
ond vis^its he was treated very 
kindly; but on ll»c tliird, tlie 
Indians were ho;^tilc. 

Q. Who attempted to form a colony 
near the St. Lawrence, in 1542. 

A. Roherval, a French nohlo- 
man, whose efforts to form a 
colony failed. 




To he nnmoered from the Map. 
Where and when was the Continent first discovered .' — By whom ? 
What voyage was made in 1492?— In 1497?— In 1498?— In 1612?- 
In 1524?— In 1534?— In 1639? 
Where is Guanahani or Sfm Salvador situated ? 



12 



MONTEITirS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



LESSON V. 

Q. "Who invaded Florida in 1539 ? 

A. De Soto, a Spanisli noLlo- 
nian, wlio expected to find Flor- 
ida rich with gold. 

Q. What large river did he discover ? 
(See Map No. 1.) 

Q. Ttova. what did De Soto's troops 
suffer ? 

A Famine, sickness, and at- 
tacks by the natives. 

Q. "What became of De Soto ? 

A. He died, and was buried in 
the Mississippi Kiver, by his tew 
surviving companions ; [1542. J 

Q Who first established a colony in 
South Carolina ? 

A. The Huguenots, or Frencli 
Protestants, in 1562 ; but it was 
soon after abandoned. 

Q. "Wher^ e''se did the H ig lenots at- 
tempt to plant a colony ? 

A. Id. Florida; lut it was de- 
stroyed by the Spaniards. 

Q. Where was the first settlement 
formed in the Western Hemisphor", ? 

A. At Hayti, by the Span- 
iards under Columbus^ 

Q. Where was the first colcny formed 
on the continent of America ? 

A. On the Isthmus of Darien, 
by the Spaniards, [in 1510.] 




To he answered from the Iftq). 

What voyage was made in 1607 ?— In 1620 ? 

"What discovery was made in 1609 ? 

What bay was explored in 1608 ? By whom ? 

"V\'^hat grants were made to the London and Plymouth Companies ? 



VIRGINIA, 



13 



Q. What IS the oldest city in America ? 

A. Mexico, taken by the Spaniards, [in 
1521.] 

Q. What is the oldest city in America, north of 
the Gulf of Mexico ? 

A. St. Augustine ; founded by the Span- 
iards in 1565. 

Q. Who first attempted to form English colonics in 
America ? 

A. Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Wal- 
ter Raleigh. 

Q. How many expeditions did Sir Walter Raleigh 
send ont from England ? 

A. Three; in 1584, 1585, and 1587. 

Q. Did these colonies prosper ? 

A. They did not. 

Q. By whom was Cape Cod discovered ? 

A. By Bartholomew Gosnold, who was 
the first Englishman that entered New 
England; [1602.] 



REVIEW 



LESSON VI. 

For what is the year 1492 memorable ? 

For what part of the earth did Columbus sail ? 

Did he expect to find a new world ? 

Who informed the Europeans of the discovery of a 
new world ? 

What length of time was Columbus in coming from 
Spain to San Salvador ? 

When was South America first discovered ? 

Wiiat discoveries were made by the Cabots ? 

What discovery did De Leon make ? 

What discovery did Balboa make ? 

What discovery did Cordova make ? 

What conquest did Cortez make f 



What country sent out the first discoverers ? 

What country, next after Spain, sent out explorers 
to the New World ? 

What government was third in point cf time ? 

Who was the first Spanish discoverer? 

Who was the first English explorer ? 

Who was the first French explorer ? 

What was the extent of the explorations of each of 
these ? 

Who first made voyages to the St. Lawrence River ? 

What French nobleman followed Cartier ? 

For what purpose did Cartier and Koberval visit 
America ? 

Were their efforts successful ? 

What can you say of De Soto ? 

In what two States did the Huguenots attempt to 
colonize? 

Were they successful ? 

For what is Hayti remarkable ? 

Where was the first colony on the Continent ? 

Which is the oldest city in America ? 

Which is the oldest city in the United States ? 

What can you say of Sir Walter Raleigh— Bartholo- 
mew Gosnold ? 



LESSON VII. 

VIRGINIA.— Where did tlie English first settle 
in the United States ? 

A. At Jamestown, in 1607. 

Q. By whom were the settlers of Jamestown sent ? 

A. By the London Company. 

Q. Of whom was the London Company composed ? 

A. Of noblemen, gentlemen, and mer- 
chants of London. 

Q. Who granted to the London Company the right 
to settle in America ? 

A. James I., king of England. 

Q. What territory was granted to the Company ? 

A. That between Cape Fear and the 
southern limit of Maryland. 



i'4 



MONTEITirS IIlSTOllY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




CAPTAIN smith's UPE 8AVBD BY POCAHONTAS. 

Q. What was the number of the first settlers of 
Jamt'stown .' 

A. One luiiidred and five ; most of whom 
were worthless and idle, there being only 
twelve laborers and but few mechanics. 

Q. How many vessels conveyed them across the 
Atlantic ? 

A. Three ; the largest not exceeding one 
hundred tons burden. 

Q. For what place did they sail ? 

A. Yirginia. 

Q. Who was the commander of the expedition ? 
A. Captain Christouher Newport. 

Q. What was the course of his voyage from England ? 

A. By way of the Canary Islands and 
the West Indies. 

Q. Where did he enter Virginia? 

A. At the mouth of the ChesajDeake Bay, 
after a voyage of a little over four months. 

Q. What river was then entered ? 

A. James Eiver, so named in honor ot 
the King of England. 



LESSON VIII. 

Q. Wlien was the settlement of Jamestown com- 
menced ? 

A. In May, 1607. 

Q. Wlio was the first President of the colony ? 

A. Edward Wingfield. 

Q. When did Newport sail for England ? 

A. In the middle of June ; leaving the 
party in a very pitiable condition. 

Q. What troubles did the settlers experience ? 

A. Tlie hostility of the natives and sick- 
ness : frequently, three or four died in a 
night ; and, in a few months, one half of 
the colony perished. 

Q. What ended Wingfield's connection with the 
colony ? 

A. He was deposed, on account of dis- 
honesty. 

Q. Who was the second President ? 

A. Ratcliife ; who was so inefficient that 
he was soon succeeded by Smith. 

Q. How did Smith conduct the affairs of the colony ? 

A. With great energy and success. 

Q. On what occasion was Smith captured by the 
Indians ? 

A. On a voyage up the Chickahominy, 
a branch of the James River. 

Q What sentence did the Indian king, Powhatan, 
pronounce upon Smith ? 

A. That he should be put to death. 

Q. What saved his life ? 

A. Tlie entreaties of Pocahontas, the 
daughter of Powhatan. 



NEW YORK. 



15 



Q Where was Sinitli soon after permitted to go? 

A. To liis companions at Jamestown, 
whom 1)0 foinid discontented, and anxious 
to abandon the colony. 
■j Q What effect did Smith's return produce ? 

A. Order was restored to the colony. 

Q. How many men did Smith find on his return to 
Jamestown ? 

[ A. Forty ; who were soon after joined 

by new arrivals from England. 

Q. What accident befell Smith ? 

A. He was disabled by an explosion of 
gunpowder, which compelled him to retm*n 
to England. 



LESSON IXo 

Q. What was the condition of the colony soon after 
Smith's departure ? 

A. In six months, indolence, vice, and 
famine reduced its number from four hun- 
dred and ninety to sixty. 

Q. How was that period designated ? 

A. As the starving time. 

Q. Who preserved the colony from ruin at that 
time ? 

A. Lord Delaware, who fortunately ar- 
rived with emigrants and supplies. 

Q. In what year was the starving time? 

A. 1610, — three years after the first set- 
tlement of Jamestown. 

Q. When and where was the culture of tobacco 
commenced ? 

A. At Jamestown, in 1616. 

Q. When was negro slavery introduced into the 
United States ? 

A. In the year 1620, by the Dutch. 



Q. Give an account of the first Indian massacre 
A. In 1622, the Indians surprised the 
colonists, and in one hour massacred three 
hundred and forty-seven men, women, and 
children. 

Q. When did the second Indian massacre occur ? 

A. hi 1644, when three hundred whites 
were killed. 

Q. What did the colonists do in consequence ? 

A. Tliey reduced the Indians to submis- 
sion. 



LESSON X. 

NEW YORK. -What part of New York State was 
first discovered ? 

A. Staten Island, by Henry Hudson. 

Q. By whom was the Hudson River discovered ? 

A. By Henry Hudson, [in 1609]. 

Q. How far up the Hudson did he sail ? 

A. One hundred and sixteen miles from 
its mouth ; M'here the city of Hudson now 
stands. 

Q. Why did Hudson enter the river which now 
bears his name ? 

A. He thought it would lead him to the 
Pacific Ocean. 

Q. When did Hudson discover the strait and bay 
which bear his name ? 

A. In 1610, M'hen he was placed in an 
open boat and cruelly abandoned by his 
companions. He was never heard of after- 
ward. 

Q What part of New York was first settled ? 

A. The southern part of Manhattan 
Island. 

Q. What is Manhattan Island now ? 
A. Xew York City. 

Q. Who gave it the name of Manhattan * 

A. The Indians. 



16 



MONTE ITU'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED Sl'ATES. 



LESSON XI. 

Q. By whom was the first settlement formed on 
Manhattan Island ? 

A. By the Dutch, [in 1614.] 

Q. What induced the Dutch to settle there ? 

A. Trade with the natives ; the Dutch 
giving European manufactures in exchange 
for furs. 

Q. What was the settlement called ? 

A. New Amsterdam. 

Q. What did New Netherlands at first comprise ? 
A. The region extending from Delaware 
Bay to Cape Cod. 

Q. Mention the governors of New Netherlands. 
A. Minuits, Van Twiller, Kieft, and 

Stuyvesant. 

Q. What troubles did the settlers of New Nether- 
lands have ? 

A. Attacks by the Indians, and disputes 
concerning boundaries. 

Q. By what authority did the Dutch occupy New 

Netherlands ? 

A. Tlie discovery by Hudson. 

Q. What other nation claimed that country ? 

A. The English, from the discovery by 
Cabot. 

Q. To whom did the King of England grant the 
Dutch province ? 

A. To the Duke of York, who sent out 
a squadron to take possession of the prov- 
ince. 

Q. Who was the governor at that time ? 

A. Peter Stuyvesant. 

Q. Did the English succeed in taking the province ? 

A. They did ; the Dutch, after a sliglit 
resistance, surrendered to them; [1664.] 



Q. Who were the first English governors ? 

A. Nicholls, Lovelace, Andros, and Don- 
gan. 

Q. What village in New York was attacked in 
1690? 

A. Schenectady, by the French and In- 
dians, who killed sixty persons. 



H E VI EA^^. 



LESSON XII. 

When, and by whom, was Jamestown settled ? 

What land was granted to the Loudon Company ? 

What was the character of the s(jttlers ? 

What President preceded Smith? 

What was the condition of the colony under each o< 
the Presidents ? 

Give an account of Smith's captuie by the Indians. 

Why did Smith leave the colony ? 

What can you say of the starving time ? 

What assistance did Lord Delaware bring to the 
colonists ? 

Describe the two Indian massacres. 

What can you say of Henry Hudson ? 

What part of New York was first discovered? 

What part was first settled ? By whom ? 

WTiat was the region extending from Delaware Bay 
to Cape Cod called ? 

Were the settlers of New Netherlands annoyed by 
the Indians ? 

By what two governments was New Netherlands 
claimed ? 

By what authority did each claim it ? 

While the Dutch held the territory, what did the 
King of England do to obtain possession ? 

How long did the Dutch have possession of New 
Netherlands ? 

Mention the Dutch governors. 

Mention the English governors. 



M A si=; A c:t rs^y 



ii 




LANDING OF THE I'll.GKIMS. 



LESSOiN Xlll. 

MASSACHUSETTS— By whom settled ? 
A. By people tVoiii England, ealled Puri- 
tans, also Pilgrims; [1620.] 

Q. Why did the Purilans leave their homes and come 
to America ? 

A. To enjoy religions freedom. 
Q. What vessel conveyed them across the Atlantic ? 

A. The Mayflower, after a voyage of 
sixty-five days. 

Q. Where did the Puritans intend to settle? 

A. Near the Hudson River. 

Q. Where did they land ? 

A. At Plymouth, [December 22d, 1620.] 

Q. How many Puritans came on the first voyage ? 

A. One hundred ; forty-one being men. 

Q. Who was the first governor ? 

A. John Carver. 

Q. From what did they suficr greatly ? 

A. Sickness, want, and exposure. 



Q. Ht)w many died during the first four months ? 

A. Within four months nearly one half 
of their number died. At one time but 
seven were able to render assistance. Gov- 
ernor Carver, his wife, and son, were among 
the dead. 

Q. How was the colony saved from famishing? 

A. -By the benevolence of fishermen ofi 
the coast. 

Q. How lontr did their sufferings continue? 

A. Three years. 

Q. How did they finally provide themselves food ? 

A. Each family planted for itself; which 
plan brought contentment and plenty. 

Q. What settlements were soon after formed in 
Massachusetts ? 

A. Salem and Boston ; most of the set- 
tlers being Puritans. 

Q. Who was banished from Massachusetts? 

A. Booker Williams, on account of his 
religious opinions. 



16 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



LESSON XIV. 

Q. now were the Quakers treated by the Puritans t 
A. Tlie Quakers were banislied from the 

colony ; many were imprisoned, and four 

l)ut to death. 

Q. Were they finally allowed to remain in the col- i 
ony ? 

A. They were. 

Q. What war broke out in 1675 ? 

A. King Philip's war, between the En- ^ 
glish and Indians. 

Q. Who was King Philip ? 

A. The chief of a tribe of Indians. 

Q. What injuries were done to the English? 

A. The Indians burned several villasres, 
and killed many of the people. 

Q. What put an end to the war ? 

A. Philip was killed, and the Indians 
completely routed ; [1676.J 

Q. What European wars disturbed the colonics in 
America ? 



CONNECTICUT.— By whom settled ? 

A. By people from Massachusetts; [1633. J 

Q. What Indians made war against them ? 

A. The Pequods, [in 1636.] 

Q. What was the result of the war ? 

A. Tlie Pequods were entirely defeated. 



A. King William's, Queen Anne'ri, and '> 
King George's; [1689, 1702, and 174k] \ 

Q. Who were the parties in the Eurojwan wars ? 

A. Tlie English against the French. 
Q. Whom did the Indians assist in America? 

A. The French. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE.— Where settled ? 

A. At Little Harbor and Dover ; [1623.] 

Q. What did New Hampshire suffer ' 

A. Farms were laid waste, and many of 
the settlers cruelly i)ut to death by the In- 
dians. 



LESSON XV. 

RHODE ISLAND.— By whom settled ? 
A. By Roger Williams and a few of his 
followers, [in 1636.] 

Q. Where was the first settlement formed ? 

A. At a place which Williams named 
Providence 

Q. By what tribe of Indians was Rhode Island in- 
habited ? 

A. The Narragansetts. 

MARYLAND.— By whom settled? 

A. By emigrants from England ; [1634 J 

Q. Of whom were the settlers of Maryland mostly 
composed ? 

A. Iloman Catholics, who sought for re- 
ligious freedom. 

Q. To whom was Maryland granted ? 

A. To Cecil Calvert, whose title was 
Lord Baltimore. 

Q. Wliat was secured to the colonists of Maryland? 
A. Equality in civil and religious rigiits. 
Q. How did these people treat with the Indians ? 
A . Tliey paid them for the land. 

Q Fr(jm whom did Maryland receive its name ? 

A. llunrietta Maria, (|necn of England 



NEW JERSEY. DELAWARE, PENNSYLVANIA. 



19 




pknn's HODSE, phila. 



WX. PKNN AND INDIANS 



COAL REGIONS or PENNSYLVANIA. 



LESSON XVI. 

NEW JERSEY.— By whom settled ? 

g^ ^. By the Dutch, at Bergen ; [1620.] 

* Q. To whom was the territory of New Jersey 

granted ? 

A. To Lord Berkeley and Sir George 
Carteret; [1664.] 

Q. Why was New Jersey so named ? 

A. In honor of Carteret, who had been 
governor of the Isle of Jersey. 

Q. How was New Jersey afterward divided? 

A. Into East Jersey, belonging to Car- 
teret ; and West Jersey, belonging to Wil- 
liam Penn and two other Quakers. 

Q. To whom was East Jersey sold soon after ? 

A. To Penn and eleven other Quakers. 

Q. Wlien was New Jersey united to New York ? 
A. In 1702, and continued so 36 years. 
DELAWARE.— By whom settled ? 
A. By tlie Swedes and Finns, [in 1638.] 

Q To whom was Delaware granted ? 

A. William Penn, [in 16S2.] 



PENNSYLVANIA. -By whom settled? 

A. By the Swedes, [in 1643.] 

Q. By whom was the first English settlcnifiit 
formed ? 

A. By Quakers, [in 1682.] 

Q. To whom did the Kuig of England grant the 
land? 

A. William Penn, wlio paid the Indiana 
for all the land occupied by liis ]^eo])1e. 

Q. What did the Inilians think of the fair di%alini» 
of the Quakers ? 

A. They held them in great respect for 
many years after. 

Q. What does the word Penrutylvania mean f 

A. Penn's woods. 



LESSON XVII. 

NORTH CAROLINA.— By whom settled? 
A. By emigrants from Yirginia, [about 
1650.] 



20 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



SOUTH CAROLINA— By whom settled? 
A. By the English, [in 1670.] 

Q. By whom were the settlers greatly disturbed f 

A. By the Indians. 

Q. When was South Carolina separated from North 
Carolina ? 

A. In 1693. 

GEORGIA.— Which of the original thirteen States 
was the last settled ? 

A. Georgia. 

Q. Mention the original thirteen States. 

A. Virginia, New York, New Jersey, 
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Mary- 
hmd, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, 
Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Caro- 
lina, and Georgia. 

Q. By whom was the first settlement formed ? 

A. By James Oglethorpe, [in 1733.] 

Q. At what place ? 

A. Where Savannah now stands. 

MAINE.— By whom settled ? 
A. By emigrants from New Hampshire, 
[in 1630.] 

Q. From what did the settlers of Maine suffer ? 
A. From the incursions of the French 
and Indians. 

Q. When did Maine become a State? 

A. In 1820. 

VERMONT.— By whom settled ? 

A. By emigrants from Massachusetts 
[in 1724.] 

Q. By what States was Vermont long claimed ? 

A. New York and New Hampshire. 

Q. How was the dispute settled ? 

A. By its admission into the Union as a 
separate State, [in 1791.] \ 



TENNESSEE.— By whom settled ? 

A. By emigrants from Noi-th Carolina; 

[in 17o7.1 

Q. When was Tennessee n.hnittc.i into the Union? 

A. In 1796. 











LO DISTILLS, KT. — OHIO KITlUi. 



LESSON XVIII. 

KENTUCKY.— By whom explored ? 

A. Daniel Boone, a daring hunter, [In 

1770.] 

Q. Of what State did Kentucky form a part pre- 
vious to its admission into the Union ? 

A. Virginia. 

Q. By whom were the settlers of Kentucky greatly 
annoyed ? 

A. By the Indians. 

Q. When was Kentucky admitted into the Union ' 

A. In 1792. 



OHIO, LOUISIANA, INDIANA, MISSISSIPPI, &c. 



21 




OHIO. -By whom settled ? 

A. By a company from New En^ 

"in 1788.] 

Q. By whom were the settlers of Ohio annoyed ? 

A. By the Indians, who defeated Gen- 
erals Ilariner and St. Clair with o:i-eat 
slaiigliter. 

Q. ViV whom were the Indians afterw;iid snlidncd? 

A. By Gen. Wayne, [in K!>i.] 
Q. When did Ohio hecorae a State? 

A. In 1802 

LOUISIANA.— By whom settled ? 

A. By the French, [in 1699.] 

Q. To what government did it belong? 

A. To France. 

Q. How did the United States obtain possession of 
Louisiana? 

A. By pnrchase, [in 1803.] 

Q. Into what States and Territories has Lousiana 
been since divided ? 

A. Louisiana, Avith all the States and Ter- 
ritories between the Mississippi River and 
the Rocky Mountains ; thus securing the 
control of that river to the United States. 

Q. When was tlie State of Louisiana formed? 

A. In 1812. 

Q. From whom did it receive its name? 

A. L 'uis XIY., king of France. 



LESSON XIX. 

INDIANA.— By whom settled ? 
A. By the French, [in 1690.J 

Q. Who was sent against the Indians in 1811 ? 

A. General Harrison, who completely 
routed them at the battle of Tippecanoe. 



Q. When did Indiana become a State ? 

A. In 1816. 

MISSISSIPPI.— By whom settled ? 

A. By the French, [in 1716.] 

Q. Wliat Europeans first visited Mississippi? 

A. De Soto and his followers, [in 1541.] 

Q. From what did the settlers suffer greatly ? 

A. Contests with the savages. 

Q. When was Mississippi admitted into the Union T 

A. In 1817. 

ILLINOIS.— By whom settled ? 
A. By the French, [in 1683.] 
Q. When did it bec<>me ii State ? 
A. In 1818. 

ALABAMA.— By whom settled ? 
A. By the French, [in 1702.] 

Q. When did Alabama become a State f 
A. In 1819. 

MISSOURI.— By whom settled ? 

A. By the French, [in 1755.] 

Q. When did Missouri become a State ? 

A. In 1821. 

ARKANSAS.— By whom settled? 

A. By the French, [in 1685.] 

Q. When did it become a State ? 
A. in 1836. 

MICHIGAN.— By whom settled ? 

A. By the French, [in 1670.] 

Q. When did the English obtain possession of it? 

A. In 1763. 

Q. Who defeated the savages in 1813? 

A. General Harrison. 

Q. When did Michigan beoome a State? 

A. In 1837. 



22 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



LESSON XX. 

FLORIDA.— By whom settled ? 

A. By the Spaniards, at St. Augustine, 
Tin 1565.] 

Q. Who visited Florida prexnous to the settlement 
at St. Augustine ? 

A. Ponce de Leon, Narvaez, and De 
Soto ; all of whom perished in their expe- 
ditions. 

Q. By whom was Florida purchased f 

A. By the United States, from Spain, 
fin 1820.] 

Q. When did Florida become a State f 

A. In 1845. 

TEXAS.— Of what country did Texas form a part, 

previous to its independence ? 

A. Mexico. 

Q. When did Texas become free from Mexico f 

A. In 1836. 

Q. When was it admitted into the Union f 

A. In 1845. 

Q. What war soon followed its admission f 

A. The war between the United States 
and Mexico. 

Q. What was the chief cause of the war f 

A. Tlie annexation of Texas. 

Q. What did Mexico recognize as the western 
boundary of Texas ? 

A. The Nueces River. 

Q. What boundary was recognized by the United 
States ? 

A. Tlie Rio Grande ; which was finally ; 

settled upon. [ 



LESSON XXI. 

IOWA.— By whom settled ? 

A. By people from the United States, 
: [about 1833.] 

Q. When did Iowa become a State f 

A. In 1846. 

WISCONSIN.— By whom settled ? 

A. By the French, [in 1669.] 

Q. Whan did Wisconsin become a State f 

A. In 1848. 

CALIFORNIA.— By whom settled ? 

A. By the Spaniards, [in 1768.] 

Q. Of what country was California a province f 

A. Of Mexico. 

Q. When did it become a part of the United States ? 

A. In 1848 ; and became a State in 

1850. 

MINNESOTA.— When was Minnesota first visited 

by white men ? 

A. In 1654. 

Q. When was it organized ? 

A. As a Territory, in 1849 ; and, as a 
State, in 1858. 

OREGON.— When organized ? 

A. As a Territory, in 1848; and. as a 
State, in 1859. 

WASHINGTON.— From what formed ? 

A. The northern part of Oregon. 

Q. When organized ? 

A. As a Territory, in 1853. 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



2S 



KANSAS.— When organized ? ) 

A. As a Territory in 1854 ; and as a ^ 
State in 1801. 

Q. What States have since been organized ? 

A. A\' est Virginia, in 1863; Nevada, in 
186-1; Nebraska, in 1867; and Colorado, ^ 
in 1876. 



R E A^ I E AV . 



LESSON XXII. 

When did the Puritans land at Plj'mouth ? 

What position did John Carver hold ? 

Describe the sufferings of the Puritans. 

What can you say about Roger Williams ? 

When did King Philip's war break out ? 

What other wars disturbed the colonists in America? 

What colony first secured entire equality in civil and 
religious righte to the people ? 

WLat can you say of William Penn ? 

What three States were owned by Penn and other 
Quakers ? 

How many States were settled by the English ? 

How many by the French ? By the Spaniards ? 

What great annoyance did nearly all the colonies 
experience ? 

What State was last admitted ? 



THE FRENCH A^D I\DIA\ WAR. 



LESSON XXIIL 

1753.— Q Who were the parties engaged in this 

A-ar? 

A. Tlie French and Indians, against the 
Gritish. 



Q. What was the cause of the war? 

A. Disputed territory. 

Q. Where had the French built forts ? 
A. Along the Ohio and Mississippi riv- 
ers, and the lakes. 

Q. Who was sent by the Governor of Virgini.''<to re- 
quest the French to withdraw ? 

A. Major George Washington, at tlie 
age of 21. 

Q. Where did Washington then reside ? 

A. In the eastern part of Virginia. 

Q. What was the direction of his journey ? 

A. Northwest, about 400 miles, mostly 
through the wilderness. 

Q. What did the French commandant determine 
to do? 

A. To keep possession of the disputed 
territory. 

1754. — Q. What was the first action in this 
war? 

A. "Washington surprised and defeated 
a party of French under De Jnmonville ; 
[May 28.] 

Q. What fort was built on the present site of Pitts- 
burg? 

A. Fort Du Quesne, by the French. 

Q. What fort was erected by Washington ? 

A. Fort Necessity, where his troops, 
numbering 400, were attacked by 1500 
French ; [July 3.] 

Q. What was the result of the attack ? 

A. After a battle of ten hours, Wash- 
ington was forced to surrender, but was 
allowed to return to Vircrinia. 



24 



MONTH ITU'S HISTORY OF THE tlNITED STATES. 




THE ENGLISH ATTAiKKI) BY THE FRENCH AND INDIANS — DEFEAT OF BRADDOCK. 



LESSON XXIV. 

1755. — Q- What British general was sent against 
Fort Du Quesne in 1765? 

A. General Braddock, at the head of 
1200 select troops. 

Q. What happened to Braddock and his army ? 

A. When within ten miles of the fort, 
they were sui'prised by a l)ody of French 
and Indians in ambuscade. 

Q. What was the result of the attack ? 

A . Braddock was killed, with nearly all 
his officers and one half of the troops ; 
[July 9.] 

Q. Who was the only officer on horseback saved? 

A. "Washington, under whom two horses 
were shot ; four bullets having passed 
through his coat. 

Q. What did General Johnson achieve at the south- 
ern end of l^ake George ? 

A. He defeated a large body of French 
and Indians ; [September 8th.] 



Q. Who was among the slain ? 

A. Baron Dieskau, the French com 
mander-in-chief 



LESSON XXV. 

1756. — Q- Who succeeded Dieskau ? 
A. General Montcalm. 

Q. Who was appointed commander-in-chief of thfl 
British forces in America? 

A. Lord London, who was soon suc- 
ceeded by General Abercrombie. 

Q. What town on Lake Ontario was taken by Mont- 
calm, in 1756? 

A. Oswego ; [August 12th. J 

1757. — Q- What fort was taken by Montcalm in 
1757? 

A. Fort William Henry, near the south 
ern point of Lake George ; [August 9th.] 

Q. From whom were they taken? 

A. The British. 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



26 



Q. What massacre attended the 
capture of Fort William Henry ? 

A. Montcalm allowed the 
British to retire, but many 
were cruelly slain by the In- 
dians. 

1758. — Q- What posts were taken 
by the British during this year ? 

A. Louisburg, I\trt Du 
Quesne, and Fort Frontenac. 

Q. From whom were these taken ? 

A. The French. 

Q. Who failed in the attempt to 
take I'iconderoga from the French ? 

A. General Abercrombie, 
who then lost 2000 men ; 
[July 8th.] 



■♦ » » 



LESSON XXVI. 

n5Q.—Q 1" 1759, who com- 
manded the three divisions of the 
British army ? 

A. Generals Amherst, 
Wull'e, and Prideaux. 

Q. What capture was made by the 
division under Prideaux? 

A. Niagara ; taken from 
the French and Indians ; 
[July 25th.] 

Q. Wlio was among the killed ? 

A. General Prideaux. 

Q. What forts were taken by Gen- 
eral Amherst ? 

A. Ticonderoga and Crown 
Point, without opposition. 



I^ng. U .frovi Greenvricli 

I 

CANADA 




WJiete gituatedf On or near what water t 

Quebec ? Crown Point ? Fort Pitt or Du Quescc f 

Heights of Abraham ? 'Hconderoga ? Oswego ? 

Isle of Orleans ? Fort Wm. Henry ? Schenectady ? 

Montreal ? Fort Edward ? Braddock's Field ? 

Fort Frontenac ? Fort Niagara ? Fort Stanwix ? 



2G 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




BATTLE OF QDKBEO — DKATH OF WOLFE. 



LESSON XXVU. 

1759. — Q- What was the most, remarkable battle 
in the French and Indian war ? 

A. The capture of Quebec, by General 
Wolfe ; [Sept. 13th.] 

Q. What is said of Quebec as regards its means of 
defense f 

A. It is the most strongly fortified city 

in America. 

Q. How is Quebec situated ? 

A. In Canada, on the north side of the 
St. Lawrence Kiver. 

Q. What is the elevation of the upper town ? 

A. Neai'ly 350 feet above the river. 

Q. How did Wo.fe and his army reach the Heights 
of Aljiaham ? 

A. At night they left their boats, and 
climbed the precipice to the Heights of 
A brahani. 

Q How many men were engaged in the battle ? 

A. About 5000 on each side. 



Q. By whom were tlie twn armies led ? 

A. Tlie English, by Wolfe ; the French, 
by Montcalm. 

Q. Which army was succes.sfiil ? 

A. The English. 

Q. What was the fate of Wolfe? 

A. He was wounded three times, — the 
third, mortally. 

Q. On receiving the last wound, what did Wolfe 
say to one of liis officers ? 

A. " Support me ; let not my brave *'el- 
lows see me fall." 

Q. While supporting Wolfe, what did the officer 
exclaim ? 

A. "Tliey run, they run I" 

Q. What were the dying words of Wolfe ? 

J.. "Who run?" he asked. "The 
French," replied the officer. " Then," ut- 
tered Wolfe, " I die content," and expired 
on the field. 

Q. What was the fate of Montcalm ? 

A. He was twice wounded, — the second 
time, mortally. 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 



21 



Q. When told he could live but a few hours, what 
did Montcahu reply ? 

A. "So much the better; I shall not 
live to see the surrender of Quebec." 

Q. Where was peace concluded? 

A. At Paris; [1763.] 

Q. What did France cede to Great Britain ? 

A. Nearly all the French possessions 
o-Ast of tlie Mississippi River. 



LESSON XXVIIl. 



BRITISH VICTORIES, 
Great Mead- ( Washington over 

OV7S. 



„ .,^, ,„ ( Johnson over 

Ft. W^in. Heury. J 



t W aslunprton over ) ,, „„ ,_,, 

] n 7 -n J ^^y 28, 1754, 

{ De Juiaonville, ) 

\ Sept. 8, 



1756. 



Dieskau. _ 

Louiaburg, Amherst, July 26, 1758. 

Vt. Froutenac, Bradstreet, Aug. 27, 1758. 

Du Quesne, Forbes, Nov. 25, 1758. 

Fort Niagara, Johnson, July 25, 1759. 

i Wolfe over 

\ Montcalm 



Quebec, 



\ Sept. 13, 



1759. 



FRENCH VICTORIES. 



r,^ -.T -^ ( Ue \ ilhers over ) ^ , „ ,_^, 

Ft. Necessity, \ ,.,,., > July 3, 1754. 

( Washington, J 

r 

C Dieskau over Wil- \ 
< liains and Hen-^ 
' dricks, ' 



Near Foit Du 
Quesne, 



French & Indians) , , 

^ , , , ^ July 9, 1755. 
r Braddock,) 



Near Fort Ed 
•ward. 



Sept. 8, 1755. 



OsTwego, 

Ft W^m. Henry, j 



J Montcalm over ) 
.. \ Aug. 12, 1756. 

Mercer, ) 

Montcalm 



over ) 

\ Aug. 9. 1757 

„ , S MontiMlm uver i 

Ticouderoga. < , . v July 8, 1758 

f AliiTcromhie. ^ 



R E VI EAV. 



LESSON XXIX. 

What was the cause of the French and Indiaa war ? 

For what purpose was Washington sent to the French 
commander ? 

What can you say of his journey ? 

What was the determination of the French com- 
mander ? 

What was the result of the first action ? 

What was the result of the second action ? 

What British general was sent against the French ? 

Against what fort did he march? 

What was the fate of Braddock ? 

What city was built upon the site of Fort Du Quesne ? 

What can you say of Washington in connection with 
this attack ? 

By whom were the French and Indians defeated at 
Lake George, in 1755 ? 

What was the fate of Dieskau ? 

What position did Montcalm hold in the French and 
Indian war ? 

Who was commander-in-chief of the British fores ? 

Who succeeded Loudon ? 

By whom was Oswego taken, and when ? 

By whom was Fort William Henry taken, in 1757 f 

What three victories had the Britisli in 1758 ? 

What loss did the British meet with in the same 
year ? 

What three generals commanded the British, in 1759 ? 

What was the fate of Prideaux ? 

By whom were Ticouderoga and Crown Point taken ? 

Which is the most strongly fortified «iiy in America? 

What can you say of the battle of Quebec ? 

Who commanded the English at this battle ? 

What was the fate of General Wolfe ? 

Who commanded the F ench at Quebec? 

What was the fate of Montcalm ? 

What were the dying words of Wolfe? 

What surrender was made in 1760? 

Where was peace concluded ? 

What French possessions were ceded to GreaJ 
Britain? 



28 



MONTElTirS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




FANEUIL HALL. 



BUNKEK HILL MONUMENT. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



LESSON XXX. 

Q. What can joii say of the United States ? 

A. It is tlie most populous and powerful 
country in America. 

Q. What political division is the United States? 

A. A republic. 

Q. How long has this country been a republic ? 

A. About eighty years. 

Q. To what government was it subject before its 
independence ? 

A. Great Britain. 

Q. What was the number of the colonies ? 

A Tliirteen. 

Q. What were the chief causes of the American 
Revolution ? 

A. The colonists were unjustly taxed, 
and were denied the privilege of sending 
representatives to Parliament. 



Q. For what purpose was this unjust tax lai.l ? 

A. To defray the expenses incurred ly 
the British government in the French and 
Indian war. 

Q. Upon what article was the tax first imposed ? 

A. Upon paper used for bonds, deeds, 
pamphlets, &c. 

Q. How was such paper to be distinguished from 
other f 

A. It was stamped. 

Q. How was this law designated ? 

A. The Stamp Act. 

Q. When, and by whom, was the Stamp Act passed? 

A. In 1765, by the British parliament, 
at London. 

Q. Who was then king of Ergland f 

A. George III. 

Q. How did the American? eceive the passage ot 
the Stamp Act ? 

A. They were indignant, and refused to 
{ submit to it. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



LESSON XXXI. 

Q. Who distinguished himself by his opposition to 
the Stamp Act, in Virginia ? 

A. Patrick Henry, with boldness and 

eloquence. 

Q. What meeting was called by Massachusetts to 
consider the affairs of the colonies ? 

A. The tirst Congress, composed of dele- 
gates from nearly all the colonies. 
Q. Where did the first Congress meet ? 

A. At New York, [October, 1765.] 

Q. What was done by Congress ? 

A. Congress agreed on a Declaration 
OF Rights, and sent petitions to the king 
and parliament. 

Q. When did the Stamp Act take effect ? 

A. November, 1765. 

Q. What was the result of the opposition to the 
Stamp Act ? 

A. It was repealed ; [March, 1766.] 

Q. What was the second attempt to tax America ? 

A. Duty was laid [in 1767] on all tea, 
glass, paper, and painters' colors, which 
should be imported into the colonies. 

Q. Did the Americans submit to this law ? 

A. Tliey did not, but openly resisted. 

Q. What change did the opposition effect ? 

A. The duty was removed, except three 
pence a pound on tea. 

Q. Did the Americans pay the duty on tea? 

A. The}^ did not ; they either destroyed 
it, or prevented its sale. 

Q. What was done with the tea at the port of Boston ? 

A. Several Americans, disguised as In- 
dians, seized nearly 350 chests of tea, and 
emptied the contents into the harbor. 



Q. Wliat was the effect of the opposition of the 
Americans ? 

A. British troops were ordered to rediu,e 

them to submission. 

Q. What measures did the Americans adopt for de 
fense ? 

A. They raised armies. 

Q. Did all the Americans favor the Bevolutiou f 

A. They did not. 

Q. What were those Americans called who favoicd 
the king, and opposed the patriots ? 

A. Tories. 

Q. By what British general was the war com- 
menced ? 

A. General Gage, in Massachusetts. 



LESSON XXXll. 

1775.— §• Where was the first battle fought 1 

A. At Lexington, in Massachusetts; 
[April 19th, 1775.] 

Q. How many were killed ? 

A. Eight Americans. 

Q. Where did the British go, immediately after the 
battle of Lexington? 

A. To Concord and Boston. 

Q. How were the British annoyed when retreating 
to Boston ? 

A. They were pursued, and tired upon 
by the Americans. 

Q. What was the loss on buth sides? 

A. 90 Americans, antl 2S0 British. 

Q. What two forts were aiptured by the Ameri- 
cans, in May, 1775 ? 

-.1. Ticonderoga and Crown Point, by 
volunteers under Ethan Allen and Benedict 
Arnold. 



30 



xMOXlElTirS IIlSTOliY OF THE UNITED STATES 



V. 




THE BATTLE OF BDNKEK HILU 



LESSON XXXIII, 



Q. What town near Boston was burned by tlie 
British ? 



1775.— §■ What increase was made to tlie British ) ji. CluirlestOWn 

' } Q- Who was ajjpointed commander-in-chief of the 

A. Generals Howe, Clinton, and Bur- ( American forces ? 

goyne, arrived with reinforcements from A. George Washington ; [June ISth.J 

England, J q ^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^.^^ j^^. appointed ? 

Q. What great battle was fought near Boston? j^ 3^ ^l,^ American Congress, assem- 

A. The battle of Bunker Hill, [June bled at Philadelphia. 

' -• ( Q Wliat otlier American generals were then ap 

Q U'liat was the size of each army in that battle ? > pointed ? 

A The Americans, 1500 ; the British, < A. Generals Ward, Lee, Schuyler. But 

3000 c nam, and Gates. 

Q What was the loss in killed and wounded ? S ^ Of what age was Washington when appointed ? 

A The Americans. 450 ; the British, ) A. Forty -three years. 

^^^^- ( Q. Where did Washington take command of the 

Q. What American general was killed at the battle ) army ? 

of Bunker Hill? ^ ^^ Cambridge, near B.>ston ; [July 

A. General Warren. ) g^ 1 

Q Who were the commanders in this battle ? q ^ri^^t was the size of the Ameiiam army at that 

A. Colonel Prescott of the Americans, s time ? 

and General Howe of the British. ) A. fourteen thousand men. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



8] 



LESSON XXXIV 

1775. — Q' What American general entered Canada ? 

A. General Montgomery. 

Q. What towns surrendered to Montgomery ? 

A. St. John's and Montreal ; [Nov.] 

Q. What city did Montgomery then attack ? 

A. Quebec. 

Q. Who joined Montgomery at Quebec ? 

A. General Arnold, at the head of an 
American force, [December Ist.] 

Q. How many Americans, under Montgomery and 
Arnold, attempted the capture of Quebec? 

A. About 900. 

Q. By whom was Quebec defended f 

A. By 1500 British, under Governor 
O.irleton. 

Q. What wad the fate of Montgomery ? 

A. He was killed by the discharge of a 
cannon, while ascending the heights. 

Q. What happened to Arnold ? 

A. He received a wound and was re- 
moved from the fieM. 




T^ 



Grovers Cliff 



Pt.Shirley 
• m'frnoft I. v\ 



fZ/mg I. 



: .rcfieslcr S. " fj 

^ 'NantaskeJ 








QL'EBKO — HEIGHTS uH ABKAIIAM — sT. LAWlitNOK Ki fEK. 

Q. Were the Anu-ricans successful at Quebec f 

A. Tliev were not. 



LESSON XXXV. 




BATTLES 


A\D fAPTrRES n \ 


775. 


AMERICAN TICTORIES, 




Ticonderoga, 


Allen and Arnold ) 
over De la Place, ) 


May la 


Crovyn Point. 


Warner, 


May 12. 


Fort Chambly, 


Montgomery, 


Oct. i:}. 


St. John's, 


Montgomery over 
Preston, i 


Nov. 3. 


Montreal, 


Montgomery over ) 
Carleton, S 


Nov. 13. 


BRITISH VICTORIES. 




Lexington, 




April 19. 


Bunker Hill, 


Howe over Prescott, 


June 17. 



h /OTON A. Ml ITa ilCIMTY. 



Quebec, 



t Carleton over Mont- ) j^ ., . 



Comery. 



32 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



RE^^IE^V OF 177 5. 



LESSON XXXVI. 

state the cause of the American Revolution ? 

What articles were first taxed ? 

"What was the " Stamp Act?" 

Where and by whom was the Stamp Act passed ? 

How did the Americans act in relation to the law ? 

What can you say of Patrick Henry ? 

Wha,t meeting was held in New York in 1765 ? 

What did Congress agree on ? 

Did the Stamp Act continue in force ? 

What unjust law was passed by Great Britain soon 
after the repeal of the Stamp Act ? 

How did the Americans act concerning it ? 

What was the result of their opposition ? 

Where and when was the first battle fought ? 

What posts were captured by the Americans, in May, 
i775 ? By whom ? 

What British generals arrived from England ? 

For what is June 17, 1775, memorable ? 

What can you say of the battle of Bunker Hill ? 

Who were the commanders ? 

What was the fate of General Warren ? 

What was done to Cliarlestown ? 

When was Washington appointed commander-in- 
chief ? 

Where and when did he take command ? 

Upon what expedition did Gen. Montgomery proceed' 

What towns in Canada surrendered to Montgomery ? 

Who attempted the capture of Quebec ? 

By whom was Montgomery joined at Quebec ( 

What was the fate of Montgomery ? 



LESSON XXXVII. 

1776. — Q- Where was the British army at the com- 
mencement of this year ? 

A. In Boston and its vicinity. 

Q. Who succeeded General Gage in the command 
of the British ? 




A. General Howe. 

Q. Who occupied Dorchester Heights, near Boston ? 

A. The American army, under AVasli- 
ington. 

Q. What were the British obliged to do in conse- 
quence ? 

A. They left Boston in possession of the 
Americans, and sailed for Halifax. 

Q. Where did Washington and his army then go ? 

A. To New York. 



Q. What city in the South was attacked during this 



year f 

A. Charleston ; [June 28th.] 

Q. Who commanded the British vessels that made 
the attack ? 

A. Sir Peter Parker. 

Q. Who commanded the fort which defended 
Charleston ? 

A. Colonel Moultrie. 

Q Wlio were successful ? 

A. The Americans. 

Q. What was the loss on both sides ^ 

A. The Americans had 10 killed and 22 
wounded : the British lost 200. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 



33 



LESSOR XXX VIII. 

Q. When was the Declaration of 
Independence agreed to ? 

A. On the 4tJi of July, 1776, 
by tlie American Congress. 

Q Where was Congress then assem 
bJed ? 

A. At Pliiladelpliia. 

Q By whom was the Declaratioa of 
Independence drawn up ? 

A. By Tliomas Jefferson, 
who afterward became Presi- 
dent of tlie United Srates. 

Q. What did Congress declare ? 

A. Tliat the American colo- 
nies were " Free and Inde- 
pendent States." 

Q. What did the signers of the Dec- 
laration pledge in its support ? 

A. " Their lives, their for- 
tunes, and their sacred hoiwr.''' 



Where situated ? On or near waat 
water ? 

Breed's Hill? 
Roxbury ? 
Dorchester ? 
Dorchester Heights ? 



Boston ? 
Charlestowa ? 
Cambridge ? 
Bunker Hill ? 



New York ? 
Brooklyn ? 
Jdmaicji ? 
Gravesend ? 
N3W Utrecht ? 



Westchester ? 
Eiust Chester ? 
New Eochelle ? 
White Plains ? 
Fort Washington / 



Harlem Heights ? Fort Lee .' 
Paulus Hook ? 

Newark ? 
New Brunswick f 
Princeton ? 
Trenton f 
Philadelphia ? 




Germantown ? 

Red Bank, or Ft. Mercer ? 

Fort Mifflin ? 

Valley Forge ? 

Monmouth ? 



Charleston ? 



Crown Point? 
Ticonderoga ? 



Fort Mcultrie f 
Fort Johnson ? 



Fort Edward ? 
Saratoga ? 



Morristown ? 



Stillwater f 



34 



MONTErnrs history of the united stxVtes. 



LESSON XXXIX. 

Q. la July, 1776, where weie the two armies, 
chiefly 1 

A. The Americans occupied New York 
and Brooklyn ; the British, Staten Island. 

Q. By whom was General Howe joined at Staten 
Island ? 

A. By his brother, Lord Howe. 

Q. What was the size of the armies ? 

A. The Americans, 17,000; the British, 
35,000. 

Q. Who commanded the Americans at Brooklyn ? 
A, General Putnam. 
Q. When were the Americans attacked at Brooklyn ? 

A. August 27th, by the British, who 
crossed over from Staten Island. 

Q. What British generals were engaged in this 
battle ? 

A. Clinton, Percy, Cornwallis, Grant, 

and De Heister. 

Q. What was the loss on each side ? 

A. The Americans lost over 1000 ; the 
British, 400. 

Q. How were the other Americans at Brooklyn 
saved ? 

A. Tliey were withdrawn to New York 

during the niglit, by AVashiugton. 

Q. What was Washington then obliged to do ? 

A. To retreat ; being closely pursued by 
the British, under Howe. 

Q. In what direction did Washington go ^ 

A. North, by way of Harlem, Wliite 
Plams, and North Castle ; then southwest, 
through New Jersey to the Pennsylvania 
side of the Delaware Piver 



Q. What battle was fought during this retreat ? 

A. Tlie battle of White Plains, [Octo- 
ber 28th.] 

Q. What two forts on the Hudson were taken by 
the British. 

A. Forts "Washington and Lee. 

Q. Which fort was bravely defended by the Ameri- 
cans ? 

A. Fort Washington, where over 1000 
British were killed ; [November 16th.] 

Q. By whom was Fort Washington defended ? 

A. Colonel Magaw, at the head of 2700 
Americans, who, after a severe engage- 
ment, were forced to surrender to General 
Howe. 

Q. What capture was made by Washington, at 
Trenton ? 

A. He surprised and made prisoners 

1000 Hessians, [December 26th.] 



LESSOl^ XL. 



BATTLES AND CAPTURES DURING 1776. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES. 

( Washington over ) , , , „ 
Boston. \ Howe j ''^^- '^' 

— _, -^ , J Moultrie over ) ^ -„ 

Port Moultrie, } ij„_i,„ ( '^^^^ 28. 



Trenton, 



( Parker 

< Washington over 
i Eahl 



i 



Dec. 26 



BRITISH VICTORIES. 

Long Island, Howe over Putnam, Aug. 27. 

( Howe over ) 

White Plains, < ,,r , • x > Oct. 28. 

( v\ ashington, i 

Fort Washington, Howe over Magaw, Nov. 16. 

Port Lee, Cornwallis, Nov. 18 



THE AMERICAN 

T 

HEV^IEAV OF 1776. 



REVOLUTION, 



35 



LESSON XL I. 

Who occupied Boston in the beginning of 1776 ? 

Who took command of the British ? 

Where were the Americans at that time f 

Did the British maintain possession of Boston ? 

Where did tlie Britisli go after leaving Boston ? 

Wheio did Wasliington then go ? 

What attack was made in the South ? 

Who were the commanders ? 

Wliat was the result of the attack on Fort Moultrie ? 

Why is the Fourth of July celebrated by the Ameri- 
cans ? 

What can you say of Thomas Jefferson ? 

Where were the two armies in July of tliis year ? 

What was the size of each army ? 

What and when was the second battle in 1776 ? 

Who were successful ? 

State the loss on eacli side. 

Wliere did the Americans go after the battle of Long 
Island ? 

What occurred at White Plains ? — At Fort Washing- 
ton ? 

What important success had Washington in Decem- 
ber? 



LESSOxX XL II. 

1777. — Q- What victory goon followed that at 

Trenton ? 

A. The battle of Princeton ; [January 
3d.] 

Q. Who commanded the Americans at Princeton ? 
A. "Washington. 
Q. What American general was among the killed ? 

A. General Mercer. 

Q. By whom was Washington pursued, after the 
battle of Princeton ? 

A. By Cornwallls, who obliged him to 
retreat. 



Q. Where did Washington pass the winter, in the 
beginning of 1777 ? 

A. At Morristown, New Jersey. 

Q. Where were the winter quarters of the British 1 

A, At Kew York. 

Q Where was the battle of Brandywine fought ? 

A. At Chad's Ford, on Brandywine 
Creek, in the sontheastern part of Penn- 
sylvania ; [September 11th.] 

Q. Who were the commanders in this battle t 

A. Washington and Howe. 

Q. Who were successful ? 

A. The British. 

Q. What was the loss on each side ? 

A. The Americans lost 1300; the Brit- 
ish, 500. 

Q. What two distinguished foreigners assisted the 
Americans in the battle of Brandywine ? 

A. Lafayette, of France; and Pulaski, 
of Poland. 

Q. To what city did Washington retreat, after the 
battle of Brandywine ? 

A. Philadelphia. 

Q. Did Washington hold Philadelphia ? 

A, He relinquished the city to General 
Howe, who entered it, [September 26th.] 

Q. To what city had Congress adjourned ? 

A. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 

Q. Where did Washington attack the British, soon 
after his retreat from Philadelphia ? 

A. At Germantown, now a part of Phil- 
adelphia ; [October 4th.J 

Q. What was the result of the attack at German- 
town ? 

A. Tlie Americans were defeated, hav- 
ing lost 1200 ; the British, 500. 



36 



MONTEITirS IIISTOitY OF THE UNITED STATES, 




THE BRITISH ENCAMPMENT. 



THE AMERICANS AT VAT.LET FOROE. 



LESSON XLIIl. 

Q. What two forts on the Delaware were held by 
the Americans ? 

A. Forts Mercer and Mifflin. 

Q. What was the result of the attack on Fort Mer- 
cer ? 

A. The Hessians, under Colonel Donop, 
were repulsed with a loss of 40( ) men ; the 
Americans lost about 30 ; [October 22d.] 

Q. Did the British finally capture these two forts 1 

A. They did. 

Q. Where did the Americans pass the winter, at the 
close of 1777 ? 

A. At Yalley Forge, twenty miles west 
of Philadelphia, whei'e they suffered great- 
ly from cold, hunger, and sickness. 

Q. What can you say of the British army ? 

A. It consisted of regularly trained sol- 
diers, whose wants were well provided for. 



Q. Of whom was the American army mostly com- 
posed ? 

A. Of men who went from their farms 
and workshops, never having been trained 

as soldiers. 

Q Vv''ere the Americans as well supplied with 
clothes, ammunition, &c., as the British ? 

A. Tliey were not ; many in mid-winter 
marched through deep snow, without coats, 
shoes, or stockings. 

Q. Who invaded the United States from Canada ? 

A. General Burgoyne, at the head of 
10,000 British and Indians. 

Q. What was the route of Burgoyne ? 

A. By way of Lake Champlain and the 
Hudson River ? 

Q. What fort on Lake Champlain did Burgoyne 
take? 

A. Ticonderoga, which was suddenly 
abandoned by General St. Clair and 3000 
Americans. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 



37 



Q. Did the British pursue the AmericanR 

A. They did, and llie Americans lost 
1000 ivieii. 



Q. WliJit was the loss on both sides? 

A. Tlie British, 900 ; the Americans, 400 



LESSON XLIV. 

Q. What did Colonel Baum attempt ? 

A. He was sent by Burgoyne to seize the 
American stores at Bennington, Vermont. 
Q. What was the result of his attempt ? 

A. He was met by General Stark and a 
body of militia ; — Colonel Baum was killed 
and his party defeated ; [August 16th.] 

Q. What other action occurred on the same day, 
and at the same place ? 

A. A British reinforcement, under Col- 
onel Breyman, was defeated by Colonel 
Warner and the Green Mountain Boys. 

Q. What was the loss in the two engagements ? 

A. Tlie British, 700; the Americans, 
100. 

Q. Who commanded the northern division of the 
American army ? 

A. General Gates, who succeeded Gen- 
eral Schuyler. 

Q. Who commanded the northern division of the 
British army ? 

A. General Burgoyne. 

Q. What two battles were fought by Gates and 
Burgoyne ? 

A. The battles of Stillwater, 22 miles 
north of Albany, [September 19th and 
October 7th.] 

Q. Who were successful ? 

A. Tlie Americans. 



LESSON XLV. 

Q. What was Burgoyne obliged to do at Saratoga? 

A. Burgoyne, with nearly 0000 British, 
surrendered to General Gates, at Saratoga ; 
[October 17th.] 

Q. What agreement was made ? 

A. Tliat the British, under Burgoyne, 

should give up their arms and ammunition 

to the Americans, return to England, and 

eno-aore no more in the war. 
c o 

Q. What Polish hero seived as chief engineer in the 

army of Gates ? 

A. Kosciusko. 

Q. Who had started from New York to assist Bur- 
goyne ? 

A. General Clinton, with 3000 men. 

Q. How far had Clinton proceeded when Burgoyne 
surrendered ? 

A. Up the Hudson, as far as the village 
of Esopus, now Kingston, which he burned ; 
[October 15th.] 

Q. What forts on the Hudson did he capture from 
the Americans? 

A. Forts Clinton and Montgomery ; 
[October 6tli.] 

Q. Wlicre did Clinton go, upon hearing of Bur- 
goyne' s defeat ? 

A. He returned to ]S"ew York. 

Q. Did the Briti(<h retain possession ofTiconderoga. 
after the surrender of Burgoyne ? 

A. Tliey did not, but returned to Can- 
ada. 



38 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 




LESSON XLVI. 



Princeton, 

Bennington, 

Bennington, 



j Washington over 
( Mawhood, 



BATTLES AIVD CAPTURES DURIRJG 1777. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES. 

i Jan. 3. 

Stark over Baum, Aug. 16. 

( Warner over ) 

1 ^ c Aug. 16. 

( Breyman, ) 

Stillwater, Gates over Burgoyne, Sept. 19. 

Still'water, Gates over Burgoyne, Oct. 7. 

Fort Mercer, Greene over Donop, Oct. 22. 



HET^IEA^^ OF 1777 



LESSON XL VII. 

When was the battle of Princeton fought ? 

What important capture was made, just before the 
battle of Princeton ? 

Wlio were successful at Princeton ? 

Why did Washington retreat after the battle ? 

Where did the two armies pass the winter of 1777 ? 

When was the battle of Brandy wine fought ? 

Who were the commanders at that battle ? 

State the result of the battle of Brandywine. 

What battle was fought soon after that of Brandy- 
wine ? 

By whom was the attack made ? 

Who were successful at Germantown ? 

What forts on the Delaware were taken by the 
British '> 

For what is Valley Forge noted ? 

From what direction did Burgoyne enter the United 
States ? 

What losses were sustained by the Americans ? 

Describe the battle of Bennington ? 

Who succeeded Schuyler in command of the northern 
army of the Americans ? 

Where and when were battles fought by Gates and 
Burgoyne ? 

What successes attended the Americans ? 

What were the terms of Burgoyne' s surrender f 

To whom did he surrender ? 

What station did Kosciusko fill in the army of Gates ? 

For what purpose did Clinton leave New York, just 
before Burgoyne' s defeat ? 

What direction did Clinton take ? 

What did he accomplish at that time '' 



Brandywine, 

Germantown, 

Fort Mifflin, 
Fort Mercei; 



BRITISH "VICTORIES. 

i Howe over 

I Washington, 

< Howe over 



[ Sept. 11. 



LESSON XLVill. 

1778. — Q- What government assisted the Americans 
in the Revolution ? 

A. France. 

Q. Where was the treaty of alliance formed ? 

Americans, ^ Nov. 18. j A. At Paris, [February 6tli, 1778.] 



J 



Oct. 4. 



( Washington, 

\ Abandoned by the ) Nov. 16. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 



39 



Q. By whom was the treaty signed, on behalf of 
the Americans ? 

A. Bcnjainiii Franklin, Silas Deane, and 
Arthur Lee. 

Q. When was the treaty ratified by Congress? 

A. May 4tli, 1778. 

Q. Wliat attempt to effect a settlement was made 
by the British government ? 

A. England sent commissioners to Amer- 
ica for that purpose 

Q. Were their offers received by Congress ? 

A. They were promptly rejected. 
Q. What assistance was sent by France ? 

A. A French fleet, under Count D'Es- 
taing. 

Q. Who succeeded General Howe in command of 
the British f 

A. General Clinton. 

Q. Where did Clinton conc( ntrate his forces, in 
June, 1778 ? 

A. At New York. 

Q. When did the British evacuate Philadelphia ? 

A. June 18th, 1778 ; having held it for 
about nine months. 

Q. Where did Congress meet while the British held 
Philadelphia? 

A. At Lancaster and York, Pennsylvania. 

Q What was the first battle in 1778 ? 

A. Battle of Monmouth, New Jersey, 
[June 2Sth.] 

Q. Describe the battle of Monmouth. 

A. Tlie battle was commenced by Gen- 
eral Lee, who was soon forced to retreat ; 
but "Washington and tlie main body of liis 
army coming up, the Britisli left tlic field. 



LESSON XLIX. 

Q. After the battle of Monmouth, where did the 
two armies go ? 

A. Tlie Americans, to White Plains ; 
the British, to New York. 

Q. What victory was gained in Rhode Island, by 
the Americans ? 

A. The victory of General Sullivan over 
General Pigot, [August 29t]i,] 

Q. What massacre occurred in July, 1778 ? 

A. Tlie massacre of Wyoming, in Penn- 
sylvania, by 1600 Tories and Indians led 
by Colonel John Butler, who was noted 
for his cruelty ; [July 3d.] 

Q. What cruelties were perpetrated at Wyoming ? 

A. The patriots' houses were burned, 
and their families barbarously murdered. 

Q. Where were similar cruelties committed in No- 
vember ? 

A. At Cherry Yalley, New York 

Q. What city in Georgia was taken by the British ? 

A. Savannah, by 2000 British under 
Colonel Campbell ; [December 29th.J 

Q. By what American officer was Savannah defended ' 

A. General Robert Howe. 

Q. Who preceded Clinton in command of the Erit 
ish? 

A. General Sir William Howe. 

Q. Who commanded the British squadron off the 
American coast? 

A. Lord Howe, brother of General Sir 
William Howe. 

Q. Where did Washington retire to winter quarters, 
in the autumn of 1778? 

A. To Middlebrook, New Jersey. 



40 



MONTEITirS IIISTOIIY OF THE UNITED STx\TES, 



LESSO^^ L. 



BATTLES DlRIAft 1778. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES. 

( Washington ovi'T , , 

■< > June 28. 

Rhode Island, Sullivan over Pigot, Aug. 29. 



Monmouth, j ■•"""•"&-"" -^^ ^' t 
i Clinton, S 



BRITISH VICTORIES. 

-„ . ( John Butler over ) ^ , 

Wyoming, I ZebulonButicT.f ^^'^ '• 

Savannah, Campbell over Howe, Dec. 29. 



CHARLESTON 

AND VICINITY. 




HEVIE^^ OF 1778. 



LESSOK LIl. 



LESSON LI. 

What treaty was formed in February, 1778 ? 

What step did England take to put an end to the 
war ? 

Who took command of the British ? 

Who preceded Clinton ? 

What forces were concentrated at New York in June 
of this year ? 

What city did the British then evacuate ? 

When was the battle of Monmouth fought ? 

Describe the battle of Monmouth. 

What victory was won by the Americans, August 
29th ? 

When and by whom was the massacre of Wyoming 
committed ? 

By whom was Savannah taken ? 

What city did General Robert Howe defend, in the 
Revolution ? 

What command had General Sir William Howe ? 

What command had Lord Howe ? 

In what year did Washington pass the winter at 
Middlebrook ? 



1779. — Q- Who took command of the troops in the 
South ? 

^-i. General Lincoln of the Americans, 
and General Prevost of the British. 

Q. Where were Washington and Clinton ? 

A. In the Northern States ? 

Q. What success did the Americans meet with !u 
February ? 

A. Colonel Pickens, at the head of a 
party of South Carolina militia, totally de- 
feated a Land of tories under Colonel Boyd, 
near Augusta; [February 14th.] 

Q. Whom did General Lincoln send to take a posi- 
tion on Brier Creek, in Georgia ? 

A, General Ash, with 2000 Americans. 

Q. What was the fate of the Americans under Ash ? 

A. They were surprised and defeated by 
the British, under General Pi-evost, [March 
3d.] Tlie Americans lost 1600. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 



41 



Q. Against what city did Pievost 
march, after the battle of Brier Creek ? 

A. Charleston ; but, as lie 
was preparing an attack, Lin- 
coln appeared, and the British 
withdrew; [May lltli.] 

Q. What battle was fought near 
Charleston ? 

A.. The battle of Stono Fer- 
ry, in which the Americans, 
under Lincoln, were defeated ; 
[June 20th.] 

Q. What cruelties were perpetrated 
by Governor Tryou ? 

A. Governor Trjon, with a 
body of British, plundered and 
burned the villages of East 
Haven, Fairfield, and ISTor- 
walk, in Connecticut ; [July.] 

Q. What two posts on the Hudson 
were surrendered by the Americans, 
during 1779 ? 

A. Stony Point and Yer- 
planck's Point, to Clinton ; 
[June.] 

Q. By whom was Stony Point re- 
gained for the Americans ? 

A. By General Wayne, after 
a severe contest at midnight ; 
[July 15th.] 

Q. What success did the Americans 
meet with at Paulus Hook ? 

A. Major Lee captured the 
British garrison, taking 160 
prisoners; [July lUth.] 



HI Ijoneitiide West 79 frcpin (ireenwich "7 




• j,^^ . •• Longitude It est Q ion?.E. 



af/ .1 A S S<)£ A C H U S fcT T S 



^■t 



.f/Litchtirld VJS 



''V% ) i Woo<ljto^y'r'*'<'*°g 









Guilford ? 
Cow pens ? 
Wilmington ? 
Fort Granby ? 
Monk's Corner? 



Where situated f 

Hillsborough ? 
Waxhaw Creek ? 
Camden ? 
Augusta ? 
Charleston ? 



King's Mountain ? 
Hanging Rock ? 
Ninety-six ? 
Eutiiw Springs ? 
Savannah ? 



42 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



LESSON LIII. 

Q. Who was sent to check the incursions of the 
Tories and Indians ? 

A. General Sullivan, with 4600 Ameri- 
cans. 

Q. What was the result of Sullivan's expedition ? 

jL. He defeated the enemy at the battle 
of Chemung, destroyed 40 Indian villages, 
and completely routed the Indians. 

Q. What attempt was made to recover Savannah 
from the British ? 

A. It was besieged by 1000 Americans 
under Lincoln, and 3000 French under 
Count d'Estaing ; [September.] 

Q. What was the result of the attack ? 

A. The Americans and French assaulted 
Savannah ; but, after a desperate battle, 
were repulsed with a loss of over 1100 
men ; [October 9th.] 

Q. What Polish nobleman was mortally wounded 
during the assault ? 

A. Count Pulaski, who zealously de- 
fended the cause of the Americans. 

Q. What celebrated naval battle was fought in 
1779? 

A. Paul Jones, commander of a flotilla 
of French and American vessels, captured 
two English vessels of war, off the coast of 
Scotland ; [September 23d.] 

Q. Between what two vessels was the battle chiefly 
fought ? 

A. The Bon Homme Richard, and the 
English vessel Serapis. 



Q. What was the result of the battle ? 

A. After a very severe engagement, 
Jones defeated the British and captured 
their vessels. 

Q. How many men did Jones lose in the battle ? 

A. Out of 375, there were 300 killed. 

Q. Where did the Americans retire to winter quar- 
ters, at the close of 1779 ? 

A. One division, with Washington, to 
Morristown, New Jersey ; another, to West 
Point; and the third, with Lincoln, to 
Sheldon. 



LESSON LIV. 



BATTLES DIRIIVG 1779. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES. 

Near Augusta, Pickens over Boyd, Feb. 14. 

Stony Point, Wayne over Vaughan, July 15. 

Paulus Hook, Lee, July 19. 

^. ( Sullivan over 

Chemung, i ^ , 

( Johnson, 

Near Scotland, Jones over Pearson, Sept. 23. 



J 



Auff. 29. 



BRITISH VICTORIES. 

Brier Creek, Prevost o\ er Ash, March 3. 

•Stono Ferry, Prevost over Lincoln, June 20. 

Savannah. Prevost over Lincoln, Oct. 9. 



liEVIETV^ OF 1T79. 



LESSON LV. 

Who commanded the armies in 1779 ? 
What victory was won by Colonel Pickens ? 
Was Pickens in the British or American army ? 
Describe the defeat of General Ash. 
What attempt was made by the British against 
Charleston ? 

What was the result of the battle of Stono Ferry ? 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



43 



What villages were burned in Connecticut, during 
1779 ? — By whom ? 

What was done at Stony Point and Verplanck's Point, 
in June ? 

What victory was won by General Wayne, July 15th ? 

What victory was wpn by Major Lee, July 19th ? 

What success did General Sullivan meet with in Au- 
gust ? 

In which army were Wayne, Lee, and Sullivan ? 

Describe the siege of Savannah. 

Who defended the city ? 

What victory was won by Paul Jones for the Ameri- 
cans ? 

Give an account of the battle. 

Where were the winter quarters of the Americans ? 



LESSON LVI. 

1780. — Q Where were the military operations 
raostly carried on during 1780 ? 

A. In South Carolina. 

Q. What city was besieged ? 

A. Charleston, by Clinton, [April 1st.] 

Q. By whom was the city defended ? 

A. By General Lincoln. 

Q. What was the result of the siege ? 

A. Lincoln, being surrounded by the 
British, was forced to surrender his troops, 
2000 in number, prisoners of war ; [May 
12th.] 

Q. What occurred at Monk's Comer, during the 
siege of Charleston ? 

A. A party of British, under Colonels 
Tarleton, "Webster, and Ferguson, surprised 
and defeated a detachment of Americans 
under General linger. 



Q. Who succeeded Lincoln in the command of the 
troops at the South ? 

A. General Gates. 

Q. Who took command of the British in the South ? 

A. Lord Cornwallis. / 

Q. What massacre occurred in May of 1780 ? 

A. Colonel Tarleton, and a body of Brit- 
ish, surprised 400 Americans, under Colonel 
Buford, at Waxhaw Creek, and massacred 
them after they had surrendered ; [May 
29th.] 

Q. What success attended the Americans, in Au- 
gust ? 

A. Colonel Sumpter attacked and de- 
stroyed a regiment of British and Tories, at 
Hanging Rock ; [August 6th.] 

Q. Where was the first battle fought by Gates in 
the South ? 

A. On Sanders Creek, near Camden, 
South Carolina ; [August 16th.] 

Q. Who were victorious at the battle of Camden ? 
A. The British, under Cornwallis. 

Q. What loss did the Americans sustain in this 
battle ? 

A. About 2000 men. 

Q. What German officer, assisting the Americans, 
was mortally wounded ? 

A. Baron de Kalb. 

Q. To what place did Gates retreat, after the battle 
of Camden ? 

A. To Hillsboro, North Carolina. 

Q. What defeat followed, two days afterward ? 

A. Colonel Sumpter and 300 Americans 
were surprised by Tarleton ; Sumpter and 
a few of his men only escaped ; [August 
18th.] 



44 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 



LESSON LVII. 

Q. What victory was gained by the Americans in 
October ? 

A. Colonel Campbell defeated the Brit- 
ish and Tories under Colonel Ferguson, at 
King's Mountain, [October 7th.] 

Q. state the loss on both sides. 

A. Ferguson was slain, and 300 British 
and Tories were killed and wounded ; the 
Americans lost but 20. 

Q. Had General Gates been successful in the South ? 

A. He had not ; and, in consequence, 
was superseded by General Greene ; [De- 
cember 2d.] 

Q. What fleet and troops came to the Americans' 
assistance in July ? 

A . A fleet under De Ternay, and 6000 
troops under Count de Rochambeau, from 
France, arrived at Rhode Island ; [July 10.] 

Q. What general became traitor to the Americans ? 

A. Benedict Arnold, who had secretly 
agreed to betray West Point into the hands 
of the British. 

Q. Who was sent by Clinton to negotiate with Ar- 
nold? 

A. Major Andre. 

Q. How was the plot discovered ? 

A. Major Andre, having secretly com- 
pleted the arrangements with Arnold, was 
returning to the British ; when he was sur- 
prised, near Tarrytown, by three of the 
American militia, and made prisoner ; 
[September 23d.] 




THE CAPTURE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. 

Q. What were the luiires of these captors ? 

A. John Paulding, David Williams, and 
Isaac Van Wert. 

Q. What became of Andrd and Arnold ? 

A. Arnold escaped to the British, [Sep- 
tember 24th ;] and Andre was hanged as a 
spy ; [October 2d.] 



LESSON LYIIl. 



BATTLES AKD ( APTURES DURING 1780. 

AMEKICAN VICTORIES. 
Hanging Rock, Smnptcr, Aug. 6. 

i Campbell over ) 

I Ferguson, ) 

BRITISH VICTORIES. 



King's Mountain, 



Oct. 



Monk's Comer, 

Charleston, 

Waxha^v, 

Camden, 

On the Wateree, 



Tarleton over Huger, Apr 14. 

Clinton over Lincoln, May 12. 

Tarleton over Buford, May 29. 
( Cornwallis over 
t Gates, 

Tarleton over 

Sumpter 

\i 



Lesj ^^^■''■ 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 



4 5 



IIEA^IE^V\^ OF 1780. 



LESSON LIX. 

What three generals successively commanded the 
Americans in the South ? 

Who connnandetl the British in the South ? 

What occurred at Charleston on the tirst of April ? 

What American general defended Charleston ? 

By whom was the siege conducted ? 

When, and by whom, was General Huger defeated ? 

What occurred at Waxhaw Creek, May 29th ? 

What did Colonel Sumpter achieve on the 6th of 
August ? 

What battle was fought August 16th ? 

Who commanded the Americans at the battle of 
Camden ? 

Who commanded the British ? 

What is said of Baron De Kalb ? 

Who retreated to Hillsboro, North Carolina ? 

What loss did Sumpter meet with in August ? 

Who were victorious at the battle of King's Moun- 
tain ? 

Who succeeded Gates ? Why ? 

What treachery was discovered in 1780 ? 

What British officers were concerned in this plot ? 

What connection had Major Andr^ with the plot ? 

Did it succeed ? Why not ? 

What was the fate of Andr^ ? 

Where did Arnold go ? 

Mention the American victories iu 1780. 

Mention the British victories. 



l^ 



LESSON LX. 

1781.—^- What was the first battle in 1781 ? 

A. Tlie battle of the Cowpens, [January 



17th.] 




Q. Who were victorious in the battle of the Cow- 
pens ? 



BUKKKNUiUl OK OOHNWALLIS, AT VoliKTuWN. 

A. The Americans, under General Mor- 
gan, defeated the Britisli under Colonel 
Tarleton. 

Q. state the loss at the battle of the Cowpens. 

A. Tlie British lost SOU, in killed, wound- 
ed, and prisoners ; the Americans, 80. 

Q. What were the Americans obliged to do, after 
the battle of the Cowpens ? 

A. The Americans, under Greene and 
Morgan, being pursued by Cornwallis, were 
obliged to retreat. 

Q. What was the second battle in 1781 ? 

A. The battle of Guilford Court-House, 
[March 15th.] 

Q. Who gained the battle of Guilford Court-House ? 

A. Cornwallis defeated General Greene, 
after a severe engagement. 

Q. State the loss at the battle of Guilford Court- 
House ? 

A. Tlie Americans, 400 killed and 
wounded ; the British, 500. 



46 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 



LESSON LXI. 

Q. Where was the third battle in 1781 fought ? 

A. At Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, 
where General Greene was attacked and 
defeated by Lord Rawdon ; [April 25tli.] 

Q. What success had the Americans in September ? 

A. The battle of Eutaw Springs, where 
General Greene attacked and defeated the 
main body of the British, under Colonel 
Stewart ; [September 8th.] 

Q. What town in Connecticut was burned by the 
British under Arnold ? 

A. New London. 

Q. What battle brought the war to a close ? 

A. The battle of Yorktown, where Corn- 
wallis surrendered his army to "Washington. 
Q. Where is Yorktown situated ? 

A. In Virginia, on York Kiver. 

Q. What was the position of each army in this 
battle ? 

A. The British were posted in York- 
town, and were surrounded by the Ameri- 
cans and French, who besieged the town 
for several days. 

Q. What fleet greatly assisted the Americans, in 
the battle of Yorktown ? 

A. A French fleet under Count de 
Grasse. 

Q. What was the result of the battle of Yorktown? 

A. Cornwallis surrendered to Washing- 
ton his army of more than TOGO soldiers, 
besides artillery, arms, &c. ; and the Brit- 
ish vessels in the harbor to the French ; 
[October 19th.] 

/ 



LESSON LXII. 



/ 



BATTLES DIJRIIVG 1781. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES. 



Cowpens, 



( Morgan over 

( Tarleton, 



Jan. 17. 



Euta'w Springs, Greene over Stewart, Sept. 8. 
j Washington over 

Cornwallis, 



Yorktown, 



BRITISH VICTORIES. 

Guilford Court- (Cornwallis over 

House, ( Greene, 

Hobkirk's Hill, Kawdon over Greene, Apr. 25. 



lis,) 

J 



Oct. 19. 



Mar. 15. 



RE^IEAV^ OF 1781 



LESSON LXIII. 

When and by whom was the battle of the Cowpens 
fought ? 

State the result and loss. 

Why was Morgan obliged to retreat, after his victory ? 

What engagement followed the battle of the Cow- 
pens ? 

Who were the commanders at the battle of Guilford ? 

State the result and loss ? 

Who commanded at the battle of Hobkirk's Hill? 

Who gained the victory ? 

What victory was gained by General Greene, Sep 
tember 8th. 

By whom was New London burned in this year ? 

What event terminated the war in favor of the 
Americans ? 

Give an account of the battle of Yorktown. 

In what battle was General Greene victorious, during 
1781? 

In what battles was he defeated ? 

Who assisted the Americans in the battle of York 
town ? 

During 1781, what victories had the Americans ? 

What victories had the British ? 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



47 







WASHINOTON 8 FAKE WELL TO HIS OFFICKJIS 



LESSON LXIV. 

1782.—^- Who succeeded Clinton in command of 
the British ? 

A. Sir Guy Carleton. 

Q. When did hostilities mostly cease ? 

A. In the spring ot 1782. 

Q. Where and when were preliminary articles of 
peace signed !* 

A. In Paris, November 30th, 1782. 

Q. What cities in the South were evacuated hy the 
British during this year ? 

A. Savannah, [July 11th,] and Charles- 
ton, [December 14th.J 

1783.—^- When was the definitive treaty signed? 

A. September 3d, 1783, ni Paris. 

Q. Who were the American commissioners by whom 
the treaty was signed ? 

A. Jolm Adams, Benjamin Franklin, 
and John Jay. 



Q. When was peace proclaimed to the American 
army ? 

A. A])ril 19th, 1783, just eight years 
after tlie battle of Lexington, the com- 
mencement of the Revolution. 

Q. Wliat was Great Britain's loss in the war of the 
\ llcvolutiou ? 

A. Great Britain lost £100,000,000, and 
50,000 soldiers. 

Q. When did the British evacuate New York ? 

A. November 25th, 1783 ; and General 
Washington entered the city in triumph. 

Q. Where did Washington bid farewell to his offi- 
cers ? 

A. At New York, [December 4th, 1783.] 

<^. When did he resign his military commission ? 

A. He resigned his commission before 
Congress, which was assembled at Anna- 
polis, December 23d, 1783, and retired to 
his ]iome at Mount Vernon, in Virsinia. 



I^E^^IE^^^ of 1782-83. 



LESSON LXV. 

Were any battles fought in 1782 or 1783 ? 

What position did Sir Guy Carleton hold in the 
war ? 

After the battle of Yorktown, what forces assembled 
at New York ? 

For what was the spring of 1782 memorable ? 

Where and when was peace concluded ? 

What occurred on the 25th of November, 1783 ? 

What did Washington do after peace was con- 
cluded ? 

Where was Congress in session at the conclusion of 
peace ? 



48 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



LESSON LXVI. 

Q. By wlioni was the Constitution formed ? 

A. By delegates from the States, assem- 
bled at Philadelphia. 

Q. When was the Constitution formed, and when 
adopted ? 

A. The Constitution was formed by tlie 
Convention, in 1787, and adopted by the 
States shortly afterward. 

Q. Who was President of the Convention ? 

A. George Washington. 

Q. Of what three departments is this government 
composed ? 

A. Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. 

Q. Who possesses the executive power ? 

A. The President. 

Q. Who possesses the legislative power f 

. A. Congress ; which is composed of sen- 
ators and representatives. 

Q. Who have the judicial power? 

A. The judges. 

Q. Where did Congress first meet, after the adop- 
tion of the Constitution ? 

A. At New York ; [April, 1789.] 

Q. Who was elected the first President of the United 
States ? 

A. George Washington, who was inau- 
gurated at New York, April 30th, 1789. 

Q. What battles were fought with the Indians in 
1790 and 1791 ? 

A. Tlie Indians defeated Generals Har- 
mer and St. Clair, but were subdued by 
General Wayne, in 179-1. 




GEORGE WASHINGTON 



LESSON LXVII. 

Q. How long w;is Washington President of the 
United States ? 

A. Lie served two terms, or eiglit years, 
when he declined a i-e-election. 

Q. Where did Washington die ? 
A. At Mount V^-non, in the 68th year 
of his age ; [December 11th, 1799.] 

Q. When did the city of Washington become the 
capital of the United States ? 

A. In the year 1800. 

Q. What city had previously been the seat of gov- 
ernment ? 

A. Philadelphia, for ten years. 

Q. What piracies were committed upon American 
vessels in the Mediterranean ? 

A. Piracies of the Barbary States — Mo- 
rocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli. 



WAR WITH GREAT BRIT AI N— 1 8 1 2. 



49 



Q. What (listingiiishcil man was killed in a duel 
by Aaron Burr, in 1804? 

A. Alexander Hamilton, wlio liad been 
the constant friend of Wasliington. 

Q. For what was Burr tried, in 1807 ? 

A. For treason. 

Q. What battle was fought with the Indians, No- 
vember 7th, ISll? 

A. Tippecanoe, by General William 
Henrj Harrison, when the Indians were 
defeated. 

HISTORICAL TABLE OF THE UNITED STATES. 



States & Territories. 



New Mexico, 

Florida, 

Virginia, 

New York, 

Massaclnisetts, . . . 
New Jersey, ... . 
Ni-w Hiimpshire, 

Maine, 

Connecticut 

Marvland, 

Rliode Island,.... 

Di-laware, 

Pennsylvania,. . . , 
North Carolina,.. 

Wisconsin, 

Soiitli Carolina,.. 

Miidilsan, 

Illinois, 

Arkansas, 

Imliana, 

Te.xas 

Louisiana, 

Alabama, 

Mississippi, 

Vermont, 

Georgia, 

Missouri, 

Tennessee, 

California, 

Kentucky, 

Ohio 

Oregon I 

Washington, ( "■ 

Iowa, 

Minnesota, 

Utah 

Nebr.Tska, 

Kansa- 

Colorado, 



Where settled. 



Santa Fe, 

St. Augustine, . 
Jomesiown,. . . 

AUiany, 

I'll/mouthy .... 

Bergen, .. 

Dover, 

York, 

Wlnilsor, 

St. Mary's, 

Providence,. . . . 
Wihn ingion,. . . 
Phihideljihia,.. 
Alhemarle, .... 
Green Bay,. ... 

Port Royal 

Detroit......... 

Kanlcdiikin 

Arkdiisitv Post, 
Vincennef, . . . 

Becpar, 

Iherville, 

Mobile, 

Natchez, 

Fort Dnmmer,. 

Savitnnali, 

St. Genevieve,. . 
Fort I.O'iilon,.. 
San Diego, .... 
Boonxboro', . . . 
Marietta, 

Astoria, 



By whom settled. 



Burlington, 

St. Paul, 

Salt Lake City,. 



Spanish, 

Sixniisk, 

hnglixh 

DiiU-h 

Fnglish, 

Diitrh and Dane.%.. 

English, 

English, 

Em. from Mass., 

English, 

Roger Williams,.... 
Swedes and Finns,. 

Swedes, 

English, 

French, 

English, 

French, 

French, 

French 

French, 

Spanish, 

French, 

French, 

French, 

Em. from Mass., .... 

English, 

French, 

Em.fromN. CarTna, 

S/innish, 

Daniel Boone, 

Em. from Seic Eng., 

Em. from. New Eng., 

Em,, from Keic Eng., 
Em,, from New Eng., 
Uormon emigranU),. 



Where, and by whom, was the Constitution formed .' 

When was the Constitution adopted ? 

Was Washington in the Convention? 

In wliom is the Executive power placed ? — tbe Legis- 
lative ?— the Judicial? 

Where and when did the first Congress meet ? 

Where and when was Washington inaugurated ? 

Was Washington re-elected ? 

Where did he die ? 

What two generals were defeated by the Indians in 
1790 and 1791 ? 

By whom were the Indians subdued, in 1794 ? 

How long had Philadelphia been the capital of the 
United States ? 

When, and to what city, was the capital removed? 

What was the fate of Alexander Hamilton ? 

When, and by whom, was the battle of Tippecanoe 
won ? 



LESSON LXIX. 

1812. — Q- How long were the United States and 
Great Britain at peace with each other, after the Revo- 
lution ? 

A. Twenty-nine years, when the second 
war broke out. 

Q When did Congress declare war against Great 
Britain ? 

A. Jmie 18th, 1812. 

Q. What was the chief cause of the second war ? 

A. Tlie British liad committed outrages 
upon American seamen. 

Q. Who was President during the second war ? 

A. James Madison. 

Q Who was appointed commander-in-chief of the 
American army ? 

A. Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts. 

Q. Where were the first actions of this war ? 

A. In Michigan. 

Q. What American post was surrendered in July ? 

A. Fort Mackinaw ; [July 17th.] 



50 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 



LESSON LXX. 

Q. Where were the first two battles 
fought ? 

A. Near Brownstown, in tlie 
southeastern part of Michigan. 

Q. Wrhat was the result of the first 
battle of Brownstowu ? 

A. Major Yan Home was 
defeated by a force of British 
and Indians ; [August 5th.] 

Q. State the result of the second 
battle of Brownstown. 

A. Colonel Miller, at the 
head of a detachment of Amer- 
icans, defeated the British and 
Indians ; [August 9th.] 

Q. What American general invaded 
Canada ? 

A. General Hull, who sur- 
rendered in a cowardly man- 
ner to the British, at Detroit ; 
[August 16th.] 

Q. Who made the second attempt to 
invade Canada ? 

A. General Yan Rensselaer, 
who was defeated by the ene- 
my at Queenstown, where the 
British commander, General ^^^' 
Brock, was killed ; [October 
13th.] 




Where situated ? On or near what water ? 

Hampton's Field ? Chambly ? Plattsburg ? s Baltimore? Havre de Grace ? Annapolis? 

Washington ? Alexandria ? Ft. McHenry ? 

Detroit? Brownstown? Frenchtown ? Ft. Maiden? { Yorktown ? Norfolk? 



Ft Niagara? Ft. George? Lewiston? Queenstown; 
Lundy's Lane ? Chippewa ? Ft. Erie ? Buffalo ? 



Fort Armstrong ? Fort Mims ? Fort Stoddart f 

New Orleans ? Pensacola ? Mobile ? 



WAR WITH GREAT BRIT AIN — 1 8 1 2, 



51 




THE GUERRIERE. 



THJS CONSTITUTION. 



LESSON LXXI. 



BATTLES AND CAPTURES DURING 1812. 

AMERICAN VICTORY. 



RET^IE^\;\^ OF 1812 



Second battle of ( Miller over ) 

Bro^wnsto'wn, (British and Indians, } 



American Ships. 
Constitution 

Wasp 

United States 

Constitution 



British Ships. 

(captured) ^ 

1 the [Guemere. 

( captured ) 
{ the ) 



Frolic, 



Aug. 9. 



Aug. 19. 



Oct. 18. 



) , > Macedonian, Oct. 25. 
( the ) 



(captured 
( the 
(captured ) 
\ the f 



Java, 



Dec. 29. 



In these four naval battles the British lost over 450 
men ; the Americans but 70. On the ocean, the Amer- 
icans took 3000 prisoners during 1812. 



BRITISH VICTORIES, 
Fort Mackinavr 



First battle of 
BroTvnsto'wrn 

Detroit, 
Queens tovvn, 



( Surrendered by ) ^ , 

( the Americans, ) 

( British and Indians ) 
, ( over Van Home, j 
( Hull surrendered ) 
1 to Brock, ) 



17, 



and Indians 
rer Van Hov 
Hull surrendered 

to Brock, 
( Brock over ) 

( Van Rensselaer, ) 



Aug. IG. 



Oct. 13. 



LESSON LXXI I. 

What declaration of war was made in 1812 ? 

State the chief cause of the war. 

Who was President during the second war with 
Great Britain ? 

What position did Henry Dearborn hold in the 
American army ? 

What was the first surrender in 1812 ? 

Where were the first two battles fought ? 

Who were successful at the first battle of Browns- 
town ? — At the second battle of Brownstown ? 

What can you say of General Hull ? 

What invasion was attempted by Van Rensselaer ? 

What action took place in October ? 

Who commanded the British ? 

What was the fate of General Brock ? 

Who were most successful on land ? 

What victories had the British ? 

What victory had the Americans on land ? 

Who were successful on the ocean ? 

In what naval battles were the Americans successful ? 

What losses did the British sustain in the naval bat- 
tles this year ? 

What American vessel gained two battles this year ? 



52 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 




NIAGARA RIVER, LOOKING TOWA.KD LAKE ONTARIO OENERAL BROOKS MONUirENT 



■** *- 



LESSON LXXIII. 

1813. — Q- How was the American army divided in 
1813? 

A. Into three divisions, — the Western, 
under General Harrison ; the Central, un- 
der General Dearborn ; the Northern, un- 
der General Hampton. 

Q. Where were these armies located ? 

A. Harrison, on the west shore of Lake 
Erie ; Dearborn, between Lakes Erie and 
Ontario ; Hampton, on' the shore of Lake 
Champlain. 

Q. What was the first engagement in 1813 ? 

A. General Winchester and a body of 
Americans were surprised at Frenchtown, 
by the British and Indians under General 
Proctor ; [January 22d.] 

Q. What was the result of the engagement ? 

A. Tlie Americans surrendered ; but 
many were murdered by the Indians. 



Q. What city in Canada was taken by the Ameri- 
cans ? 

A. York, now Toronto, after a severe 
engagement, was taken by General Pike ; 
[April 27th.] Pike was mortally wounded. 

Q What fort was besieged by Proctor on the first 
of May ? 

A. Fort Meigs, held by General Harri- 
son, who was aided by General Clay and 
a body of Kentuckians. 

Q. Who were successful at Fort Meigs ? 

A. The Americans. 

Q. What fort in Canada was talien by the Ameri- 
cans ? 

A. Fort George, by General Dearborn ; 

[May 27th.] 

Q. By whom was Sackett' s Harbor attacked in May ? 

A. By the British, under Prevost, but 
they were repulsed by the Americans un- 
der General Brown ; [May 29th.] 



WAR WITH GRP:aT B R IT A I N — 1 8 1 3. 



LESSON LXXIV. 

Q. What assault was made by Proctor, in August ? 

A. Proctor, with 1000 British and Iii- 
diiuis, attacked the fort at Lower Sandusky, 
l)ut was repidsed by ^fajor Ci-oglian, at the 
head of 150 men ; [August 2d.] 

Q. What was the loss in this atUick ? 
A. The British h>st 150; the Americans 
but 1 killed, and 7 wounded. 

Q. Who commanded the Indians that assisted 
Proctor ? 

A. The Indian chief, Tecumseh. 

Q. Where, and by whom, were Proctor and Tecum- 
seh defeated ? 

A. At the battle of the Tliames, by the 
AmericaJis under General Harrison ; Proc- 
tor fled, and Tecumseh was slain, [October 
5th.] 

Q. Who succeeded General Dearborn in command ? 

A. General Wilkinson. 

Q. What defeat did the Americans sustain at Wil- 
liamsburg, Canada ? 

A. General Boyd, with a body of Amer- 
icans, was defeated at Williamsburg by the 
British ; [November 11th.] 

Q. Wh.it Indian tioubles broke out in Alabama, in 
1813? 

A. The war witli tlie Creek Indians, 
who massacred nearly 300 men, women, 
and children, assembled at Fort Mims. 

Q. Who were sent against them ? 

A. Tlie Americans under Generals Jack- 
son, Coffee, and Floyd ; who, after severe 
conflicts, completely defeated the Indians. 




Q Where was Commt)d()re Perry's victory gained ? 



A. On Lake Erie, off Fort Maiden; 
[September 10th.] 

Q. Of what did the squadrons consist ? 

A. The Americans had 9 vessels, carry- 
ing 54 guns ; the British 6 vessels, with 63 
guns. 

Q. What notice of the victory did Perry send to 
General Harris*^ ? 

A. " We have met the enemy, and they 
are ours." 

Q What American commanded the Hornet, at the 
capture of the Peacock 

A. Captain Lawrence, who afterward 
took command of the American frigate 
Chesapeake. 

Q. By what vessel was the Chesapeake captured ? 
A. By the British ship Shannon. 
Q. What wa8 the fate of Captain Lawrence ' 

A. He fell, during the action, mortally 
wounded. 



54 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



LESSON LXXV. 



Apr. 27. 



j Harrison and Clay | 
\ over Proctor, ) 



BATTLES AND f APTIRES DURING 1813. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES ON LAND. 
Siege of York, Pike over Sheaffe, 

Fort Meigs, 

< Dearborn over 
Fort George, | ^.,^^^,^^ 

Sackett's Harbor, Brown over Prevost, 
Lower Sandusky, Croghan over Proctor, Aug. 2. 
rison over 
roctor & Tecumseh, 



The Thames, 



j Harrisi 
( Procto: 



J 



] 



May 27. 
May 29. 



Oct. 5. 



NAVAL VICTORIES. 

American Vessel.s. British Vessels. 

(captured) .„ , t-. i r.j 

Hornet i ,, f Peacock, Feb. 24. 

( the ) 

Enterprise ] th \ ^°^®''' ^*^P*- ^• 

Perry's fleet captured Barclay's, Sept. 10. 



Frenchtown, I 



BRITISH VICTORIES ON LAND. 

Proctor over 



Jan. 22. 



i Ja 
Winchester, ) 

Williamsburg, Morrison over Boyd, Nov. 11. 



NAVAL VICTORIES. 

Briiish Vessels. American Vessels. 

{ captured | ^^ , _ , 

Shannon 1 >, i Chesapeake, June 1. 

Pelican \ ^ ""^ > Argus, Aug. 14. 



IlEVIE^V^^ OF 1813. 

LESSON LXXVI. 

Who were the commanders of the three divisions of 
the American army ? 

Who succeeded General Dearborn ? 

What was the first engagement in 181-3 ? 

What was the result? 

Where was the first battle fought by General Harri- 
son this year ? 



Who assisted Harrison at Fort Meigs? 

What was the result of the battle ? 

Who commanded the British in this siege ? 

By whom was York taken ? 

What fort in Canada was taken by General Dear- 
born ? 

Who w re the commanders at the attack on Sackett's 
Harbor ? 

What was the result of the attack ? 

Describe the attack on Lower Sandusky. 

Describe the battle of the Thames. 

Where did the war break out with the Creek Indians? 

By whom were the Creeks defeated ? 

How many naval victories had the Americans during 
1813 ?— The British ? 

How many victories on land had the Americans ? — 
The British ? 

What victory was gained by Captain Lawrence ? 

In what engagement was he mortally wounded ? 



LESSON LXXVII. 

1814. — Q What fort in Canada was surrendered by 
the British ? 

A. Fort Erie was surrendered to Gen- 
erals Scott and Ripley, [July 3d.] 

Q. What was the first battle in 1814 ? 

A. The battle of Chippewa, in whicli 
the British were defeated with a loss of 
500 men. The Americans lost 330 ; [July 
5th.] 

Q. Who were the commanders ? 

A. General Riall of the British, and 
General Brown of the Americans. 

Q. By whom was General Brown assisted ? 

A. Generals Scott and Ripley. 

Q. What battle followed the victory at Chippewa ? 

A. The battle of Lundy's Lane, the 
severest contest during the year; [July 
25th.] 



WAR WITH GREAT BRIT AIN— 1 8 1 4. 



55 



Q. Who were the commanders at the battle of 
Lundy's Lane ? 

A. General Brown of the Americans, 

and General Drunimond of the British. 

Q. What was the result of the battle of Lundy's 
Lane ? 

A. Tlie Americans were victorious. The 
loss on each side was ov^er 800. 

Q. What American generals were wounded ? 

A. Brown and Scott. 

Q. Where did the Americans retire after the battle ? 

A. To Fort Erie, where they were for 
seven weeks besieged by the British under 
Drummond. The British were finally re- 
pulsed with a loss of 1000 men ; [Septem- 
ber 17th.] 

Q. Who successively commanded the Americans 
during the siege of Fort Erie ? 

A. Generals Ripley, Gaines, and Brown. 



LESSON LXXVIII. 

Q. What town on Lake Champlain was attacked by 
the British ? 

A. Plattsburg, held by the Americans 
under General Macomb ; [September 11th.] 

Q. What was the plan of attack ? 

A. Tlie British, under General Prevost, 
attacked Plattsburg, w^hile tlie British 
fleet, under Commodore Downie, engaged 
the American fleet, under Commodore 
McDonough, in the harbor. 

Q. Who were successful at Plattsburg ? 

A. The Americans were successful; 
Prevost being repulsed, and Downie en- 
tirely defeated. 



Q. By whom was the city of Washington taken 'f 

A. By a British force under General 
Ross ; [August 24th.] 

Q. What damage was done to the city by the Brit- 
ish ? 

A. They burned the Capitol, the Presi- 
dent's house, and many other buildings; 
immediately after which they retreated to 
their fleet. 

Q. At what place were the British opposed before 
entering the city ? 

A. At Bladensburg ; but the Americans 

were defeated ; [August 2-l:th.] 

Q. What city near Washington was also taken by 
the enemy ? 

A. Alexandria; [August 29th.] 

Q. What city did the British next attempt to enter ? 

A. Baltimore. 

Q. What battle was fought on their approach to 
Baltimore ? 

A. At North Point, where they were 
opposed by General Strieker. The Amer- 
icans w^ere forced to retreat, [September 
12th.] Ross, the British officer, was killed. 

Q. What fort commanded the entrance to Balti- 



A. Fort Mc- ^ 


fM 




Henry, wliich ^E 


P^ 




was bombarded ^| 


m'' ' 




by tlie British, >m1 


Eh 


ml'' 


[SeptemberlS,] aH 


wf\ 


W 


but being un- ^ffl 


Ij 


r\ 


successful, they ^| 


pL 


p*^ 


withdrew on the ^M 
following day. ^ 


\§ 


^^? 



56 



MOXTEITirS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 




BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. 



LESSON LXXIX. 

1815.— <?• What was the last land battle of the war ? 

A. Tlie battle of l^ew Orleans, [January 
8th, 1815.] 

Q. Who were the commanders in the battle of New 
Orleans ? 

A. General Jackson of the Americans, 
and General Packenliam of the British. 

Q. How large was each army in this battle ? 

A. The Americans 6000; the British 

12,000. 

Q. What was the result of the battle of New Or- 
leans ? 



Q. When was it ratified by the President of the 
United States ? 

A. February 17th, 1815. 

Q. How long had the war continued ? 

A. Two years and eight months. 



LESSON LXXX. 



Fort Erie, 



' Chippewa, 



A. Tlie British were defeated, witli the ) 
loss of about 2600 in killed, wounded, and 

prisoners ; the Americans lost but 7 killed ) Lundy's Lane 
and 7 wounded. Packenham was among 

the killed. } Fort Erie, 

Q. What treaty terminated the war ? k Plattsbnre' 

A. The treaty of Ghent, which was 
signed December 24th, 1814. 



rendered to 
Scott and Ripley 

Brown over Riall, 

( Brown over 

( Drnmmond, 

j Brown over 

( Drnmmond, 



I July 3. 



BATTLES AI\I) (APTIIRES DURING 1814. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES ON LAND. 

j surre 
I Sc 

July 5. 
I July 25. 

[ Sept. 17. 

Macomb over Prevost, Sept. 11. 

[ Sept. 14. 



Fort McHenry, 



( Armistead over 

\ Cochrane, 



WAR WITH GREAT BRIT AIN — 1 8 1 5, 



NAVAL VICTORIES. 

American Ships. £j-itish Ships 

captured 
the 



Peacock 



< captured ) _ . . „« 

j > Epervier, Apr. 29. 

"Wasp -s ' > Reindeer, June 28. 

( the ) 

) , j Downie's / ^, ^ , , 

fcaptu,o,l| ^^^J Sept. 11. 



Macdonough's I 
fleet 



BRITISH VICTORIES ON LAND. 
Bladeusburg, Ross over Winder, Aug. 24. 

North Point, Brooke over Strieker, Sept. 12. 

British Ships. American Ships. 

Phebe and ( captured < „ , , ^„ 

_^ ^ i , ?• Esses. Mar. 28. 

Cherub < the J 



Orpheus 



{ captmed I 
i the \ 



Frolic, Apr. 21. 



Describe the battle of Plattsburg. 

What was done by the British in Washington, Au- 
gust 24th, 1814? 

Wliat success had the British at Alexandria? At 
Baltimore ? At Fort McHenry ? 

When and where was the treaty of peace signed ? 

Who were the commanders in the battle of New 
Orleans ? 

Describe the battle. 

What two naval battles were fought after the battle 
of New Oi leans ? 

How many land victories had the British during 
1814 and 1815? 

How many land victories had the Americans ? 

How many naval victories had the British ? 

How many naval victories had the Americans ? 



BATTLES DIHIVG 1815. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES. 



New Orleans, 

ATnerican Ships. 
Constitution 

Hornet 



\ .Jackson over ) 

( Packenham, ) 

British Ships. 
captured I Cyane and) 
int, f 



the 



Levant 



Jan. 8. 



Feb. 20. 



Tur^l Penguin, Mar. 23. 



REVIE^^^ OF 1814-15. 



LESSON LXXXI. 

What was the first capture in 1814 ? 

What two battles occurred in July, 1814 ? 

Who were the commanders ? 

What siege followed the battle of Lundy's Lane ? 

Descril>e the siege of Fort Erie. 

By whom was Plattsburg attacked in September, 
1814? 

Who commanded the Americans in the town ? 

Who commanded the American squadron in the 
harbor ? 



LESSON LXJXII. 

Q. How many years elapsed between the close of tho 
second war with England and the Mexican war ? 

A. Thirty-one years. 

Q. During this period, in what wars was this coun- 
try engaged ? 

A. AVar with Algiers in 1815 ; the Sem- 
inole war in 1817 ; and the Florida war iu 
1835. 

Q. What was the cause of the war with Algiers ? 

A. Piracies were committed by that gov 

ernment upon American vessels. 

Q. Who was sent from the United States against 
Algiers ? 

A. Commodore Decatur, who forced 
Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, to terms of 
peace. 

Q. Who was sent against the Seminoles in 1817 ? 

A. General Jackson, who defeated the 
Indians, and hung two men for inciting 
the Indians against the Americans. 



58 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



LESSON LXXXIII. 



THE MEXICABf WAR. 

Q. When did Texas become free 
from Mexico ? 

A. In 1836. 

Q. What form of government did 
Texas adopt ? 

A. Texas became a re- 
public. 

Q. When was Texas annexed to 
the United States ? 

A. In 1845. 

Q. What caused the Mexican 
war ? 

A. Tlie annexation of 
Texas, and the claim of a 
certain tract of land by 
both the United States and 
Mexico. 

Q. Where is that tract of land 
situated ? 

A. In Texas, between the 
Neuces Kiver and the Eio 
Grande. 

Q. Who was President of tlie 
United States during the Mexican 
war ? 

A. James K. Polk. 

1846.— (?• Who was sent by the 
President to the Rio Grande ? 

A. General Zachary Tay- 
lor, who erected Ft. Brown 
opposite Matamoras. 

Q. Who took command of the 
Mexican forces ? 

A. General Arista. 



-51 — 37 

Taken Tjy permilssioni .frcmv 
^^ Distamel&Jilup oflLsxico 




VaZLai '■oUd^\^''^^^ ) 




, ^ ^^!MEXIp 



Fopoc 
24 Icmjgitii3_e 






Chzerucarcao m 




22 WesT ±pojU- ^20 IWastmi^QJi J^ 



Where sitnated? On or near lohat water J 

Corpus Christi ? Matamoras ? San Luis Potosi ? Jalapa ? 

Point Isabel ? Camargo ? Tampico ? Ferote ? 

Palo Alto ? Monterey ? Vera Cruz ? La Puebla ? 

Resaca de la Palma ? Buena Vista ? Cerro Gordo ? Mexico 1 



WAR WITU MEXICO, 



59 




A fflKW OF THE CITY OF M£XJ«X>. 



LESSON LXXXIV. 

Q. What was the commencement of hostilities .' 

A. Captain Thornton's party was at- 
tacked on tlie east bank of tlie Rio Grande 
by a superior body of Mexicans, and sev- 
eral Americans were killed ; [April 2-lth.] 

Q. What was the first battle in the Mexican war ? 

A. The battle of Palo Alto, in wliich 
General Taylor, with 2300 Americans, de- 
feated 6000 Mexicans nnder General Arista ; 

[May 8th.] 

Q. What was the loss on both sides ? 

A. Tlie Mexicans lost about 400 killed 
and wounded ; the Americans but 40. 
Among the killed was Major Ringgold. 

Q. What battle was fought by the same armies, the 
following 'lay ? 



A. The battle of Resaca de la Pahus, 
when the Mexicans were defeated, and f.ed 
to Matamoras ; [May 9th.] 

Q. What was the loss in this battle ? 

A. The Mexicans 500 ; the Americans 5<>. 

Q. What American colonel distinguished himself in 
tliis battle ? 

A. Colonel May ; who took General La 
Vega prisoner as he was applying the 
match to one of his own guns. 

Q. After the battle of Ilesaca de la Palma, where 
did General Taylor go ? 

A. To Fort Brown, tlience across the 
Rio Grande to Matamoras, of which he 
took possession, [May 18th.] 

Q. By whom was California taken ? 

A. By Captain Fremont, and Commo- 
dores Sloat and Stockton. 



60 



MONTEITII'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 






ii-fi!; 




LESSON LXXXV. 



A VJEW OF UONTERUy. 

/ |>(issessi()u of Cliilniiiliua, after two succcss- 



Q. What city did Taylor attack after taking pos- 
session of Matainoras ? 

A. Monterey, wliicli he captured after a 
severe eiigageiiieut of three days ; [Sep- 
tember 24th.] 

Q. Wlio were the commanders in the battle of 
Monterey ? 

A. General Taylor of the Americans, 
and General Ampudia of the Mexicans. 

Q. What was the size of the armies at the battle of 
Monterey ? 

A. Ten thousand Mexicans, and 6000 

Americans. 

Q. Who were sent against Santa Fe and Chihua- 
hua ? 

A. General Kearney, who took ISTew 
Mexico, and Colonel Doniphan, who took 



ful l>attles dni'ing his niarcli. 

Q. Wliat battles wcic won by Ccjloiu^l Donijjhan ? 

A. The battle of Bracito, on the east 
baidv of the Rio Grande, [Decend)er 22d, 
1846,] and of Sacramento, near tlie Rio 
Grande, [February 2Sth, 1S4T.] 

1847. — 9- Who took command of the Mexican 
forces in 1847 ? 

A. General Santa Anfia, the President 
of Mexico. 

Q. Where did Taylor meet Santa Anna? 

A. At Buena Yista, where Taylor, with 
5000 Americans, defeated Santa Anna at 
the head of 20,000 Mexicans ; [Feb. 23d.] 

Q. What was the loss in the battle of Buena Vista? 

A. The Americans lost 700 ; the Mexi- 
cans 2000. 



WAR WITU MEXICO. 



61 




BUMBAKDilENT OF VEKA CKUZ ANU CASTLK. 



LESSON LXXXVI. 

Q. Who took command of the American army in 
1847? 

A. General AYiutield Scott. 

Q. What city did Scott first attack ? 

A. Yera Cruz, wliich was defended bj 
tlie castle of San Juan d'Ulloa. 

Q. How long did the siege continue ? 

A. Fifteen days, wlien the city and cas- 
tle surrendered to General Scott ; [March 
27th.] 

Q. After the capture of Vera Cruz, what city did 
Scott marcli against ? 

A. Mexico, the capital. 



Q. At what places were the Americans opposed ? 

A. Cerro Gordo, [April ISrh;] Contre- 
ras and Cherubusco, [August 20th ;] M(»- 
lino del Rey and Casa Mata, [September 
8th ;] Chapultepec, [Septendjer 13tli.] 

Q. Who were victorious in these liattles ' 

A. The Americans o-aiiu'd Qwvvy battle. 

Q. Which army was the larger in all of these battles ? 

A. Tlie Mexican army. 

Q. When did General Scott and his army enter the 
city of Mexico ? 

A. September 1-ith, 18-17. 

Q. When was peace concluded ? 
A. February 2d, 1S18. 



63 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




OF THE MEXICAN WAR. 



.^^^ 



OENEBAIi ZACHAKT TAYLOR. 



LESSO R L X XX VI I, 
BATTLES I)IIIlI\t 1846. 

AMERICAN VICTORIES. 

Palo Alto, Taylor over Arista. 

Resaca de la ) ... , 

_ , > laylor over Arista, 

Palma, ) 

Monterey, Taylor over Ampudia, 

Bracito, Doniiilian, 



May 

May 

Sept. 
Dec. 



BATTLES MRL\G 1847. 

Buena Vista, < ' " 

liphan over ) 

( Hereedia, ) 



la, ) 



aylor over 

Santa Anna 
j Doniphan over 

Hereedia 
Scott ./ver Landero, 
( Scott over 
( Santa Anna 

Scott over Valencia, 
( Scott over ) 

( Santa Anna, ) 

Molino del Rey j Scott over ) 

and Casa Mata, ( Santa Anna. ) 

Chapultepeo, V ^f^ i 

( Santa Anna, ) 



Sacramento, 
Vera Cruz, 
Cerro Gordo 
Contreras, 
Cherubusco, 



Feb. 23 

Feb. 28 
Mar. 27 
April 



Aug. 
Aug. 

Sept. 

Sept. 



13 



LESSON LXXXVIII. 

state the cause of the war. 

When was Texas annexed to the United States ? 

During whose administration was this war carried on ? 

Who commanded the two armies at the commence- 
ment of the war ? 

What action commenced the war ? 

What the first battler 

Who were the commanders in the battle of Palo 
Alto ? 

What was the size of each army ? 

What was the loss in this battle ? 

What was the fate of Major Ringgold ? 

Give an account of the second battle ? 

When did the first two battles take place ? 

What can you say of Colonel Blay ? 

When did General Taylor enter Matamoras ? 

What conquest was made by Fremont, Sloat, and 
Stockton ? 

Wliat battle followed that of Resaca do la Pal ma ? 

Who were the commanders in the battle of Monterey ? 

State the size of the armies in this battle ? 

How long did the engagement last ? 

Who took possession of New Mexico ? 

What two battles were won by Colonel Doniphan ? 

What battle was fought in February, 1847 ? 

Who were the commanders at Buena Vista ? 

What was the size of the armies ? 

Who were successful in this battle ? 

State the loss on each side. 

Who took command of the Americans in 1847 ? 

What city did Scott first besiege ? 

What was the result of the siege ? 

What battles followed the surrender of Vera Cruz ? 

Which two were fought August 20th ? 

Which two were fouglit September 8th ? 

When were the battles of Cerro Gordo and Chapul- 
tepec fought ? 

What occurred on the 14th of September, 1847 T 

What occurred on the 2d of February, 1848 ? 



IMPORTANT EXPEDITIONS. 



6S 




DK. KANE IN WINTER QUARTERS ARCTIC FOXES AND OWLS. — WHITE BEARS. 



LESSON LXXXIX. 

Q. What exploring expedition left Great Britiiin in 
1845? 

A. Sir John Franklin, with two vessels 
and about two luuidred and forty men, in 
search of a northwest passage to the Indies. 

Q. Did Frau'klin or his i)arty ever return ? 

A. They did not. 

Q. What American sent \ es.sels in search of P'ranklin ? 

A. Henry GrinnoU, who sent two ves- 
sels, in 1850, under Lieutenant De Haven, 
accompanied by Dr. Kane. The vessels 
returned the following year without tidings 
of the missing party. 

Q. What other expedition was sent from the United 
States in search of them ? 

A. Henry Gi-iimell, in conjunction with 
the U. S. government, sent out the ship 
Advance, commanded by Dr. Kane, 1853. 

Q. What was accomplished by Dr. Kane ? 

A. He reached a point on tlie coast of 
Greenland further north than any heretofore 
seen, passed two winters in the Arctic Re- 
gions, and returned, unsuccessful, in 1855. 



Q. From what experinnnts did the idea of estab- 
lishing the teL'grapli originate ? 

A. Benjamin I^ranklin's experiments 
with an electric wire across the Schuyl- 
kill River, in 17-18. 

Q. By whom was the magnetic telegraph in- 
ventei ? 

A. By Professor Morse, in 1832. 

Q. Where did he construct the first telecraph ? 
^•1. Between Baltimore and Washington. 
Q, When was the first Atlantic cahle laid? 

A. In 1858, between Ireland and New- 
foundland. 

Q What celebrated voyages have since been 
made in the frozen regions of North America ? 

A. Those by Hayes, Hall, and Sehwatka. 
Skeletons of some of Franklin's crew, be- 
sides pieces of their boats, spoons, etc., 
were found. 

Q. What Araericm explor/r went more recently 
on a voyage of discovery and exploration in the 
Arctic ■? 

A. Captain De Long, in the ship Jean- 
nette. His ship was crushed in the ice 
north of Siberia and he returned after 
much suffering. 



04 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



LESSON XCI. 

1861. — Q When did civil war break out in the 

United States ? 

A. In the 3^ear 1861. 

Q. Who became President of the United States 
la this year ? 

A. Abraham Lincoln ; [inaugurated 
March 4th, 1861.] 

Q. What was the cause of the war ? 

A. The authorities of the Southern 
(States sought to withdraw those States 
irom the Union, claiming they had a right 
so to do ; the United States Government 
denying the right of any State to secede, 
raised armies to enforce its authority. 

Q. What State first declared itself out of the 
Union ? 

A. South Carolina ; [December 20th, 
1863.] 

Q. What States snon followed the example of 
South Carolina ? 

A. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Geor- 
gia, Louisiana, [January, 1861] and Texas, 
[February 1st.] 

Q. What government was formed by these 

States ? 

A. A government similar to that of the 
United Stateis, styled the " Confederate 
States of America ; [February 4th, 1861.] 

Q. Who was elected President of the Confed- 
eracy ? 

A. Jeiferson Davis ; [inaugurated Feb- 
ruary 18tli, 1861.] 

Q. Wliat other States joined the Confederacy? 

A. Virginia [April 17th], North Caro- 
lina [M'ly 20th], Arkansas [May GtJ.l, and 
T^nneshiec [June 8th]. 



LESSON XCII. 

1861.— (?• VVhat was the first battle of the war ? 

A. The storming of Fort Sumter, in 
Charleston harbor. 

Q. Who were the commanders in this engage- 
ment ■? 

A. Major Anderson, of the United States 
troops, and General Beauregard of the Con- 
federates. 

Q. What was the result ? 

A. After a furious bombardment of 
thirty-four hours. Fort Sumter was sur- 
rendered ; [April 13th.] 

Q. Where was the first blood shed in this war '? 

A. In Baltimore, where a Massachu- 
setts regiment, on its way to Washington, 
was attacked by Southern sym])athizers ; 
[April 19 th.] 

Q. What battle was fought in Virginia, near 
Fortress Monroe ? 

A. The battle of Big Bethel, in which 
General Butler made the attack and was 
repulsed ; [June lOth.] 

Q. What great battle was fought in Northern 
Virginia ? 

A. The battle of Bull Run, in which 
General McDowell made the attack and 
was defeated, after a severe contest ; [July 
21st.] 

Q. Wlio superseded McDowell ? 

A. General McClellan, who had been 
successful in West Virginia. 

Q. Who commanded the Confederates in this 
hatt'c '? 

A. General Beauregard. 



CIVIL WAR 



65 



LESSON XCIIl. 

1861. — Q- What reverses bad the Union forces 

in Missouri ? 

A. The defeat and death of Gen. Lyon 
n3ar Si)ringficld [Aug. 10th], and the sur- 
render of Colonel Mulligan at Lexington ; 
[September 21.st,] 

Q. In what other battle in Northern Virginia 
were the Confederates successful in 1861 ? 

A. In the battle of Ball's Bluff, near 
Leesburg, in which Colonel Baker, the 
Union commander, was killed ; [October 

21st.] 

Q. What success had the Union forces on the 
coast of North Carolina 'i 

A. The forts at Hatteras Inlet were 
taken by Commodore Stringham; [August 
29th.] 

Q. What success had the Union forces on the 
coast of South Carolina ? 

A. The capture of the forts at Port 
Royal Harbor, by Commodore Dupont ; 
[November 7th.] 

Q. What two Southern commissioners were 
seized on their way to Europe? 

A. James M. Mason and John Slidell : 
but as they were taken from a neutral 
vessel — the British steamer Trent — they 
were soon after released. 

1882. — Q- V>'hat ssuccesses had the Union arms 
in the be^nning of 18G2 ? 

A. The battle of Mill Spring, in Ken- 
tucky, won by General Thomas, and the 
capture of Forts Plenry and Donelson 
in northern T' nnessee, by Commodore 
Foote and General Grant. 



LESSON XCIV. 

1862, — Q- What battle was fought soon after i^i 
Southern Tennessee ? 

A. The battle of Shiloh, near Pittsburg 
Landing, which lasted two days : Gcuerui 
Grant was defeated on the first day, but 
receiving reinforcements under General 
Buell, the following day, he attacked and 
defeated the Confederates under Beaure- 
gard ; [April 7th.] 

Q. What Confederate General was killed? 

A. General A. S3^dney Johnston. 

Q. What success had the Union forces in North 
Carolina ? 

A. General Burnside captured Roanoke 
Island [February 8th], and Newbern and 
Beaufort were taken soon after. 

Q. What was accomplished by the Confederate 
iron-clad ram " Virginia " ? 

A. It sunk the United States war ver- 
sels Cumberland and Congress, near Fort- 
ress Monroe ; [^larch 8th.] 

Q. What victory had the Union forces in Ar- 
kansas, the same day ? 

A. General Curtis gained a victory over 
General Van Dorn, at Pea Ridge, after a 
struggle which lasted three days. 

Q. What was the " Virginia " formerly ? 

A. The United States frigate Merrimac. 

Q. What was the fate of the " Virginia," or Mer- 
rimac? 

A. After a hard fight on the following 
day, it was disabled by the iron-clad "Mon- 
itor." It returned to Norfolk, where it 
was afterward blown up by the Confed- 
erates, 



66 MONTEITIl'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

LESSON XCV. s LESSON XCVI. 

1862. — Q- What fort near Savannah was cap- ( 1862. — Q- What did Lee then undertake to do ? 

tured by the Union forces? ;, ^^ To caj^ture Washington and to enter 

A. Fort Pulaski, by General Gilmore ; J Maryland and Pennsylvania. 

[April llth.j Q. Who opposed his progress? 

Q What island in the Mississippi Eiver was ; A. General Pope, who was Compelled 

captured by the Union forces? ^ ^ to fall back to Washington, after fighting 

A. Island Number Ten, situated be- ^ several battles 

tween K^^ntucky and Missouri, by Com- > ^ ,,.1 ^ tt • 1 1 -n ^ . .^ , . 

r "^ ' "^ _ ) y- What Union generals were killed at the bat 

raodore Foote and General Pope ; [April ] tie of Chantilly ? 

7th.] > A. Generals Stevens and Kearny ; [Sep- 

Q. WTiat other and more important capture was s tcmber Ist.T 

S -• 

made on the Mississippi? S ,, .. , ,.,^ 

'.(J. In what did Lee succeed ? 

A. The capture of New Orleans, by Ad- .< rr „ , i ti .17 1 

^ ^ ■^ ) A. tie captured Harper s h erry and 

miral Farragut and Commodore Porter ; J ^^^^^.^^ Maryland. 

[Aprd 25th.] ^ q ^Y^^^^^ ^^^.^^ battles were then fought in Mary 

Q By what route did McClellan approach Rich- (, land ? 

™ond^ \ ^. The battles of South Mountain [Sep- 

A. By way of the James River and the j tember 14th], and Antietam [September 

peninsula north of it. \ 17th] 

Q What success did McClellan have at first? ) r, \^lr^ ^ xi ^J. r .-, -l. ..-, i, . 

1 Q. What was the result of the battle of An- 

A. He compelled the Confederates to \ tietam? 
retire from Yorktown and Williamsburg. | ^. Lee was defeated, and withdrew his 

Q. What battle was fought near Richmond ? < ^^^^^ ^^^.^^^ ^j^g PotomaC to Virginia. 

A. General Joseph E. Johnston at- \ 

. ^ Q. Who commanded the Union forces in this 

tacked McClellan at Fair Oaks, and com- ■> , .,, ., 

' s battle : 

pelled him to retire to the James River. \ j^ General McClellan. 

Q. Who succeeded Johnston in command ? ? Q. Bj whom was McClellan afterward super- 

A General Johnston bcino; wounded, he ^ seded? 
was succeeded by General Lee. \ ^- By General Burnsidc ; [November.] 

Q. What occurred while McClellan was chang- ? Q. By what route did Burnside march against 
ing his bas3 ? ^ Richmond ? 

A. He was attacked by the Confed- \ -^. By way of Fredericksburg, where a 
erates, and desperate fighting continued \ great battle was fought, in which he was 
through seven days ; [June 25 Lh to July ] defeated, with great loss ; [December 
1st.] ; 13th ] 



CIVIL WAR 



67 



LESSON XCVII. 

1862. — Q ^^'hat two victories were gained by 
the Confederates in Kentucky ? 

A. At Ricliraond [August 30tli], and 
MumforJsville [September 14tii]. 

Q. Wliat victory Lad the Union forces in Ken- 
tucky ? 

A. At the battle of PeriyvillCj of Buell 
over Bragg ; [October 8th.] 

Q. What two victories had the Union forces in 

Mississippi ? 

A. General Rosecrans defeated General 
Price at luka [September 19th], and Gen- 
erals Van Dorn and Price at Corinth [Oc- 
tober 4th]. 

Q. Who Guperseded General Buell ? 

A. General Rosecrans. 

1863. — Q- What important battle was fought by 
the armies of Rosecrans and Bragg, in Tennessee ? 

A. The battle of Murfreesboro', in which 
the Union army was successful, after three 
days hard fighting ; [ending January 2d.] 

Q. What great battle was fought in Georgia by 
the forces under Rosecrans and Bragg ? 

A. The battle of Chickamauga, near 
Chattanooga, in which Rosecrans was 
forced to retreat ; [September 19th and 
20th.] 

Q. By whom was Rosecrans' army saved ? 
A. By General Thomas, and the arrival 
of Grant and Hooker with reinforcements 
and supplies. 

Q. What other battle was fought near Chatta- 
nooga ? 

A. The battle of Lookout Mountain 
[Nov. 24th], after which Bragg withdrew. 



LESSON XCYIII. 

1863. — Q- What celebrated proclamation was 
issued by President Lincoln on New-Years' Day of 
18G.3 ? 

A. The abolition of slavery in all the 
States or parts of States in rebellion against 
the United States. 

Q. What city in Texas was taken by the Con- 
federates ? 

A. Galveston ; [January 1st.] 

Q. By whom was General Burnside superseded, 
after the battle of Fredericksburg ? 

A. By General Hooker, 

Q. Was Hooker more successful ? 

A, He attacked Lee at Chancellorsville, 
near Fredericksburg, and after two days 
hard fighting was also defeated with heavy 
losses ; [May 2d and 3d.] 

Q. Wliat Confederate General was mortally 
wounded in the battle of Chancellorsville ? 

A. General T. J. Jackson, known as 
" Stonewall Jackson." 

Q, What did Lee then do? 

A. He again crossed the Potomac, 
passed through Maryland, and entered 
Pennsylvania. 

Q. How far in Per.ncylvunia l.ad the Confeder- 
ates advanced ? 

A. Within four miles of Harrisburg, 
the capital of the State. 

Q. By what battle was liis progress arrested? 

A. The battle of Gettysburg, which 
lasted three days, and was won by Gen- 
eral Meade, who had superseded Hooker ; 
[July 1st, 2d, and 3d.] 



MONTEITIl'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



LESSON C. 

1864. — Q- What fort near Mempliis was taken 
by the Confederates ? 

A. Fort Pillow, by General Forrest. 

Q. Who was appointed Lieutenant-General of 
the Union forces ? 

A. General Grant ; [March 3d.] 

Q. What two great Union armies were put in 
motion in May, 1864 1 

A. One under Grant against Richmond, 
and the other under Sherman against At- 
lanta, Georgia. 

Q. Who commanded the Confederate forces 
against Grant 

A. General Lee. 

Q. Where were severe battles fought by Grant 
and Lee ? 

A. In the Wilderness, thirteen miles 
west of Fredericksburg for three days, 
and at Spottsylvania for six days, after 
which Lee withdrew to Richmond. 
] Q. Whore did Grant then go ? 

) A. lie besieged Petersburg, eighteen 
^ miles south of Richmond. 

; Q. Who were Grant's principal officers ? 

■ A. Generals Meade, Hancock, Warren, 

) Sedgwick, Burnside and Sheridan. 

'} Q- Who were Lee's principal officers ? 

^ A. Lieutenant-Gencrals Longslreet, A. 

' P. Hill, and Ewell. 

Q. What officers were among the killed in the 

battles of the Wilderness 1 

pedition up the Red River, Louisiana? ') ^- Oenerals Hayes, Wadsworth, and 

A. He was defeated, wnth considerable J Webb, of Grant's array, and Generals 

loss, by the Confederates under General l Jones, Pegram, and Pickett, of Lee's 

Taylor*; [April 8th] J army. 



LESSON XCIX. \ 

1863. — Q- Where did General Lee go after the S 

battle of Gettysburg? ^ 

A. He withdrew to Virginia. ) 

Q. What important surrender was made on the <^ 

•4:hcf July, 1863? ^ 

A. Th3 surrender of Vicksburg with ^ 

3 ),Odd prisoners, to General Grant. '■ 

Q What surrender soon followed that of Vicks- i 

burg ? S 

A. Port Hudson, on the Mississippi, to I 
Ganaral Banks ; [July 8th.] ( 

Q. What battle was fought in East Tennessee ? I 

A. General Longs treet with a Confed- ^ 
erate army attacked General Burnside, ^ 
n3ir Knoxville, but was repulsed ; [No- \ 
vemb3r 29th.] \ 

Q. Who made an unsuccessful attempt to cap- I 
ture Fort Sumter ? 

A. Admiral Dupont ; [April 7th.] 

Q By whom was Fort Sumter afterward attacked? 

A. General Gilmore with a land force 
assisted by the iron-clads under Admiral 
D ihlgren ; [July and August.] 

Q. In what did Gilmore succeed ? 

A. In taking Fort Wagner and Battery ; 
Gragg, in battering down a part of Fort • 
S imber, and in bombarding Charleston. ■ 

1881. — Q- What repulse did the Union forces f 
mssi with in Florida 1 ^ 

A. General Seymour was defeated near s 
Olustee ; [February 18. n.] \ 

Q. What was the result of General Banks' ex- ') 



CIVIL WAR. 



6S 



LESSON CI. 

1864. — Q- What success had General Sherman 
in Georgia ? 

A. He defeated General Johnston in 
several battles ; [May and June.] 

Q. By whom was Jc^hnston superseded ? 

A. By General Hood, who was also de- 
feated by Sherman. 

Q. What city was evacuated by Hood ? 

A. Atlanta; [Soptemb^r 2d.] 

Q. What other defeat did Ho ad meet with ? 

A . He was defeated by General Thomas 
near Nashville ; [November 30th.] 

Q. What famous march was made by Sherman's 
army ? 

A. Across Georgia, from Atlanta to 
Savannah ; [December.] 

Q. What expedition did Lee send into Maryland 
while Grant was before Petersburg ? 

A. A large force under General Early 
moved through the Shenandoah Valley, 
entered Maryland, threatened Washing- 
ton and Baltimore, defeated the Union 
forces under Wallace, and then returned 
to Virginia ; [July.] 

Q. What other expedition did Early make in the 
same month ? 

A. Into Pennsylvania, when his troops 
set fire to Chambersburgh. 

Q. What did the Confederates secure by these 
expeditions ? 

A. Five thousand horses, a vast amount 

of stores, and the withdrawal of a part of 

Grant's army from before Petersburg. 



LESSON CII. 

1864. — Q- What Union General waa then sent 
to hold the Shenandoali Valley ? 

A. General Sheridan, who superseded 
Sigel and Hunter. 

Q. What successes had Sheridan ? 

A. He won the battles of Winches- 
ter and Fisher's Hill ; [in September.] 

Q. What reverse had Sheridan's forces soon after? 

A. General Early attacked the Union 
forces at Cedar Creek and drove them in 
confusion several miles ; but Sheridan 
arriving, soon turned the defeat into a 
victory ; [October 19th.] 

Q. What naval battle was fought in Mobile Bay ? 

A. Admiral Farragut, with a fleet of 
war vessels, ran the fire of Forts Gaines 
and Morgan, and captured a Confederate 
fleet ; [August Sih.] 

Q. What battle was fouglit in the English Chan- 
nel, off the coast of France ? 

A. Between the Union war steamer 
Kearsarge, commanded by Captain Wins- 
low, and the Confederate war steamer Ala- 
bama, Captain Semmes ; [June 15th.] 

Q. What was the result of the battle ? 
A. The Alabama was sunk. 

Q. What unsuccessful attempt was made to cap- 
ture Fort Fisher, which commanded the entrance 
to Wilmington, North Carolina? 

A By General Butler, with aland force, 
and Admiral Porter, with a fleet ; [De- 
cember 24th, 18G4.] 

Q. By whom was Fort Fisher captured soon after? 
A. By General TeiTv and Admiral Por- 
ter, after a severe contest ; [Jan. 15tb, 1865.] 



70 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. 



LESSON cm. ; 

1865. Q- What successes liad the Union forces ; 
in South Carolina in the beginning of 1865 ? ; 

A. General Sherman advanced from Sa- 
vannah, captm-ed Columbia [Feb. 17th] ; 
and Charleston smTendered [Feb. 18 ih.] 

Q. How long had the bombardment of Charleston 
continued ? 

A. About eighteen months. 

Q. When were Petersburg and Richmond evac- 
uated by the Confederate army ? 

A. April 3d, 1865, after several days 
hard fighting. 

Q. When did Lee and Johnston surrender '? 
A. Lee surrendered to Grant, iu Vir- 
ginia, near Lynchburg, April 9th, and 
Johnston surrendered to Sherman, in 
North Carolina, April 26th. 

Q. How long did the war last ? 
A. Four years. 

Q, What assassination just before the close of 
the war caused great excitement ? 

A. That of President Lincoln, who was 

shot in Washington, by J. Wilkes Booth, 

April 14th. He died the following day. 

Q. Who then became President ? 

A. Vice-President Andrew Johnson. 

Q. What became of Jefferson Davis ? 
A. He was captured in Georgia [May 
10th] , and imprisoned in Fortress Monroe, 
but afterward released. 

Q. How was slavery abolished in the United 
States ? 

A. By an act of Congress, ratified by 
three-fourths of the States ; [Dec. 18th.] 



Q. At the close of the civil war in 1865, how 
many soldiers did the two armies contain ? 

A. About one million and a half, who 

returned quietly to their homes and 

occupations. 

Q. What change was made in the government 
of Mjxico during our civil war? 

A. Napoleon III. sent a French army 

to Mexico, and forcibly changed it from a 

Republic to an Empire. 

Q. What occurred there after peace was re-estab- 
lished in the United States ? 

A. The Americans demanded the de- 
parture of the French troops from Mexico. 

Q,. What was the fate of Maximilian, the emperor 
sent there by Napoleon HI. 

A. He was defeated and shot by the 
Mexican 3, who restored their republican 
form of government. 

1867. — Q- What large Territory was purchased 
from Russia in this year "i 

A. Alaska, for $7,200,000 in gold. 

186S. — Q- Who became President at the expira- 
tion of Aiidrew Johnson's term ? 

A. General Ulysses S. Grant, who served 

two terms, or eight years. 

1869,—^- What highly important railroad was 
completed in 1869 V 

A. The Pacific Railroad, which with 

other lines previously built, connected the 

Atlantic with the Pacific coast. 

Q. What panic occurred in 1873 ? 

A. A financial crisis in which great 
losses were sustained by nearly all the 
inhabitants. 



PRESIDENTS GRANT, HAYES, GARFIELD, AND ARTHUR. 71 



1875- — Q- What other Pacific Railroads have '' 
beeu built since? / 

A. The Southern Pacific by way of I 
Texas and Arizona, and the Northern 
Pacific by way of Montana and Washing- 
ton Territories. 

1876.— Q- What celebrated exhibition was held 
in Philadelphia in 1876 Y 

A. The Centennial Exhibition, to com- 
memorate the signing of the Declaration 
of Independence, just 100 years before. 
In this exhibition, or World's Fair, which 
lasted six months, nearly every country 
in the world was represented. 

1877. — Q- What Indian war occurred in Montana 
in 1877 ? 

A. That in which the Sioux {soo) In- 
dians under their chief " Sitting Bull " 
surrounded and killed General Custer and 
all his men in a desperate battle. The 
Indians were afterwards defeated and 
scattered. 

Q. What Indian massacre occurred the following 
year? 

A. That of Major Thornburgh by the 
Ute Indians in Colorado. 

Q. Wbo succeeded President Grant ? 

A. Rutlierford B. Hayes, during whose 
administration specie payments were re- 
sumed throughout the country (1879), and 
for the first time in 17 years, a paper dol- 
lar was equal in value to a gold dollar. 

Q. What further aided the return of prosperity ? 

A. Great increase in immigration and 
the abundance and value of our crops and 
exports. 



1881 — Q- Who succeeded President Hayes? 

A . General James A. Garfield, who was 
shot by an assassin, July 2d, 1881. He 
died from the efiects of the pistol ball, 
Sept. 19th, lamented by the whole popula- 
tion — north, south, east and west — and by 
ever}' civilized nation in the world. 

Q. Who then became President ? 
A. General Chester A. Arthur, who had 
been elected Yice-President. 



PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. 


Inaugu- 
rated. 


Years 
served. 


George Washington 

John Adams 

Thomas Jefferson 


1789 
1797 
1801 
1809 
1817 
ls2r) 
1829 
1837 
1841 
1841 
1845 
1849 
1850 
1853 
1857 
1801 
1865 
1809 
1S77 
1881 
1881 
1885 


8 
4 
8 
8 
8 
4 
8 
4 

3i-i 
4 

f 
4 
41 
3| 
8 
4 
i 
3i 


James Madison 


James Monroe 


John Quincy Adams 

Andrew Jackson 


Martin Van Bxtren 

William H. Harrison 

*J0HN Tyler 


James K Polk 


Zachary Taylor 


*Millard Fii-lmore 


Franklin Pierce 


James Buchanan 


Abraham Lincoln 


*Andrew Johnson 


Ulysses S. Grant 


RlTTHERFORD B. HaYES 

James A. Garfield 


"Chester A. Arthur 

Grovek Cleveland 



* Elected Vice-President and became President on the death 
of predecessor. 



THE FIRST THIRTEEN STATES. 
New Hampshire, DELA^VARE, 



Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, 
New York, 
New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania. 



Maryland, 
Virginia, 
North Carolina, 
South Carolina, 
Georgia. 



72 MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Note.— Teachers and Pupils may Jiere mark recent and important events. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



In Congress, July 4, 1776. 

The Unanimoua Declaration of the Thirteen United States 
of America. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes 
necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands 
which have connected them with another, and to as- 
sume, among the powers of the earth, the separate 
and equal station to which the laws of Nature and of 
Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the 
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare 
the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident ; — that all 
men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their 
Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among 
these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 
That to secure these rights, governments are instituted 
among men, deriving their just powers from the con- 
sent of the governed ; that whenever any form of 
government becomes destructive of these ends, it is 
the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to 
institute a new government, laying its foundation on 
such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, 
as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety 
and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that 
governments long established should not be changed 
for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all ex- 
perience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed 
to suffer wliilc evils are sufferable, than to right them- 
Belves by abolisliing the forms to which they are accus- 
tomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpa- 
tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a 
design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is 
their right, it is their duty, to throw off such govern- 
ment, and to provide new guards for their future se- 
ourity. Such has been the patient sufferance of these 
colonies ; and such is now the necessity which con- 
strains them to alter their former systems of govern- 
ment. The history of the present King of Great Britain 
is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all 
having in direct object the establishment of an absolute 



tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be 
submitted to a candid world. 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome 
and necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of im- 
mediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in 
their operation, till his assent should be obtained ; and 
when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend 
to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the 
accommodation of large districts of people, unless those 
people would relinquish the right of representation in 
the legislature — a right inestimable to them, and for- 
midable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places 
unusual, imcomfortable, and distant from the reposi- 
tory of their public records, for the sole purpose of 
fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, 
for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on 
the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such disso- 
lutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the 
legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have re- 
turned to the people at large, for their exercise ; the 
state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the 
dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions 
within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these 
states ; for that ])mpose obstructing the laws for nat- 
uralization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to 
encourage their migration hither, and raising the con- 
ditions of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by 
refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary 
power.s. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for 
the tenure of their offlces and the amount and payment 
of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent 
hither swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat 
out their substance. 



74 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing 
armies without the consent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent 
of, and supeiior to, the civil power. 

He has combined with others to sul)ject us to a juris- 
diction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged 
by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended 
legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punish- 
ment for any murders which they should commit on 
the inhabitants of these states : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us witliout onr consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of 
trial by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pre- 
tended offenses : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a 
neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary 
government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to ren- 
der it at once an example and tit instrument for intro- 
ducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most 
valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms 
of our governments : 

For suspending our own legislatiu'es, and declaring 
themselves invested with power to legislate for us in 
all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring ns 
out of his protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt 
our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign 
mercenaiies to complete the works of death, desola- 
tion, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances 
of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most 
barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a 
civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive 
on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to 
become the executioners of their friends and brethren, 
or to fall themselves by thoir hands. 



He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and 
has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our 
frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known 
rule of warfare is an imdistinguished destruction of all 
ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have peti- 
tioned for redress in the most humble terras : our re- 
peated petitions have been answered only by repeated 
injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by 
every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit tc be the 
ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our Bvit- 
ish brethren. We have warned them, fiom time to 
time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an un- 
warrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded 
them of the circumstances of our migration and settle- 
ment here. We have appealed to their native justice 
and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the 
ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpa- 
tions, which would inevitHbly interrupt our connec- 
tions and coriespondence. They too have been deaf to 
the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, 
therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces 
our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of 
mankind — enemies in war, in peace friends. 

WE, therefore, the representatives of the United 
States of America, in general congress assembled, ap- 
pealing to file Supreme Judge of the world for the 
rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the 
authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly 
publish and declare, tliiit these united colonies are, and 
of right ought to be, free and independent states ; 
that they are al>solved fi'om all allegiance to the Brit- 
ish crown, €and that all political connection between 
them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, 
totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent 
states, they have full power to levy war, conclude 
peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to 
do all other acts and things which independent states 
may of right do. And for the support of this declara- 
tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine 
Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, 
our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 



John Hancock, 
Josiali Bartlett, 
William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton, 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbrids;e G-erry, 
Stoph'!ii Hopkins, 
William EUery, 
Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 



■William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott, 
William Fkoyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris, 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark, 
Robert Morris, 



Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
J.imes Wilson, 
George Ross, 
Ciesar Rodney, 
George Read. 
Thomas M'Kean, 



S''mnel Chase, 
AVilliiim Paca, 
Thomas Stone, 
Charles Carroll, of Car- 
roll ton, 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jelferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jr., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 



Carter Braxton, 
William Hooper, 
Jostph Hewes, 
.lohn Penn, 
Edward Kntledge, 
Thomas Heyward, Jr., 
'J'homas Lynch, Jr., 
Arthur Middleton, 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



-•.^o->^»- 



"We the People of the United States, in order to form a ; 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from 

more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic I a"/ State, tlie Executive Authority thereof shall issue 

tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the > ^^'"'ts of election to till such vacancies, 

general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ^- ^ ^^ '^'''^' """f of Representatives shall choose their 

, ' . , , . •> . ui- u .I,- ' 'Speaker and other officers : and shall have the sole power 

ourselves and our posterity, do ordam and establish this ;> ^j. inineachmeut. 

CoxSTiTUiiON for the United States of America, ( 

I SECTION 3. 

ARTICLE I. 5 

^ 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed 



SECTION 1. 



? of two Senators from each Slate, chosen by the Legisia' 
^ ture thereof, fur six years; and each Senator shall have 



SECTION 2. 



All legislative powers herein granted sh.ill be vested in <; 

/ one vote 
a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a ' .t i r * i n .i i n u n j • 

° , ., . „ , . p -■ Immediately after they shall be assenabled in conse-- 

Senate and House of Representatives. , c.i « » i .• .i i n i. j- j , 

^ ( quence ot the tirst election, they siiall be divided as equally 

<, as may be into three clashes. The seats of i he senators 

)> of the first class shall bo vacated at the expiration of the 

1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of ^ second year, of the seeond class at the expiration of the 
members chosen every second year by the people of the > fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the 
several States, and the electors in each State shall iiavo ;' sixth year; so that one third may be chosen every second 
the quLilificatioiis requisite for electors of the moat nuuier- ' year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or other- 
ous branch of the State Legislature. ; wise, during the recess ot tiie Legislature of any State, 

2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not ? the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments 
have attained to the age of twenty-live years, and been \ until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then 
seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall / fill such vacancies. 

not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State iu which \ 3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have 
he shall be chosen. > attained to the age of thirty j'eari?, and been nine j^ears a 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned S citizen of the LTnited States, and who shall not, when 
among the several States which may be included within ' elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall 
this Union, according to their respective numbers which \ be chosen. 

shall be determined by adding to the whole uumber of ^ 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be 
free persons, including those bound to service for a terra \ President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless 
of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, th-ec fifths of ( they be equally divided. 

all other persons. Tiie actual enumeration shall be made \ 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also 
within three years after ihe first meeting of the Congress ? a president 2^^^ tempore, in the absence of the Vice- 
of the United States, and wichin every subsequent term ^ President, or when he shall exercise the office of President 
of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. S of the United States. 

The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for c 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all Im- 
every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least ^ peachmcnts. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be 
one representative ; and until sncli enumeration shall be / on oath or uEfirmation. Wlien the President of the United 
made, the State of New riampshire siiall be entitled to ^ States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: and no 
choose three, Massachusetts I'iglit, Rhode Island and Prov- <.' person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two 



idence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, 
New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eiglit. Delaware one, Marv- 
land six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina 



thirds of the members present. 

7. Judgment in cases of Impeachment shall not extend 
further than to iemov:il from office, and disqualification to 



five, and Georgia three. ^ hold and enjoy any oflico of honor, trust, or profit under 



76 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



tho United States; but the party convicted shall never- 
theless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, 
and punishment, according to law. 

SECTION 4. 

1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections 
for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in 
each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress 
may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, 
except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

2. The Congress sliall assemble at least once in every 
year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in 
December, unless they shall by law appoint a different 
day. 

SECTION 5. 

1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, re- 
turns, and qualifications of its own members, and a ma- 
jority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; 
but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and 
may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent 
members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as 
each House may provide. 

2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceed- 
ings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with 
the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. 

3. Eacli House shall keep a journal ol its proceedings, 
and from time to time publish the same, excepting such 
parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; and the 
yeas and nays of the members of either House on any 
question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, 
be entered on the journal. 

4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, 
without tlie cotisent of the other, adjourn for more than 
three days, nor to any other place than that in which the 
two Houses sliall be sitting. 

SECTION 6. 

1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a 
compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, 
and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They 
shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of tlie 
peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at 
the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and 
returning from the .same ; and for any speech or debate 
in either House, they shall not be questioned in any otiier 
place. 

2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time 
for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office 
under the authority of the United States, v/liioh shall 
have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have 
been increased during such time ■■ and no person holding 



any office under the United States, shall be a member of 
either House during his continuance in office. 

SECTION 7. 

1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 
House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose 
or concur with amendments as on other bills. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of 
Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a 
law, be presented to the President of tho United States ; 
if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, 
with his objections to that House in which it shall have 
originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their 
journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such recon- 
sideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the 
bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to tho 
other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, 
and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall 
become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both 
Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the 
names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall 
be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If 
any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten 
days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented 
to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he 
had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment 
prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concur- 
rence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be 
necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be 
presented to the President of the United States ; and 
before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, 
or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two 
thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, ac- 
cording to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case 
of a bill. 

SECTION 8. 

The Congress shall have power : 

1 . To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, 
to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and 
general welfare of the United States; but all duties, im- 
posts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United 
States ; 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and 
among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; 

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and 
uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout 
the United States; 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of 
foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and meas- 
ures; 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 11 

" < 

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the c 4. No capitation, or other direct tax, shall bo laid, un- 
aecurities and current coin of the United States ; ) less in proportion to the census or enumeration herein be- 

7. To establish post offices and post roads ; <' fore directed to be taken. 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, ^- 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on ail ides exported 
by securing for limited times to autliors and inventors the r from any State. 

exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; S 6. No preference shall be given by any rc;;ulation of 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; ' commerce or revenue to tlie pons of one Slate over those 

10. Todeliueand punish piracies and felonies committed V of another; nor shall vessels bo md to, or from, one State, 
on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; , b-j obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, '. 7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in 
and make rules concerning captures on land and water; > consequence of appropriations made by law; and a rcgu- 

12. To raise and support armie-s, but no appropriation ' lar statement and account of the receipts and oxpendituris 
of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two ^ of all public money shall be publisiied from time to time, 
years ; \ No title of nobility shall be granted by the United 

13. To provide and maintain a navy; / States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust 

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of <^ under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
the land and naval forces; ; accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any 

i5. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute s kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 
the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel ) 
invasions; ^ SECTION 10. 

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining S 1. No State shall enter into any treat}', alliance, or con- 
the militia, and for governing such part of them as may < federation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin 
be employed in the service of the United States, reserving ; money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and 
to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, < silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of 
and the authority of training the militia according to the ^ attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obliga- 
discipline prescribed by Congress; ^ tion of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation in pll cases what- S 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
soever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) r lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except 
as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance > what may be absolutely necessary fiir executing Us inspee- 
of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the (\ tion laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, 
United States, and to exercise like authority over all places ' laid by any Slate on imports or exports, shall be for the 
purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State i use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such 
in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, ' laws shall be subject to tho revision and control of the 
magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful build- c Congress. 

ings; and s 3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay 

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and ■; any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time 
proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, > of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with an- 
and all other powers vested by this Constitution in tho ' other State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war. 
Government of the United States, or in any department . unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger aa 
or officer thereof. c, will not admit of delay. 

SECTION 9. 



1. The migration or importation of such persons as any ^ 
of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, 
shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year 
one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty 
may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten 
dollars for each person. 

2. The privilege of the writ ofhabeas corpus shall not be 
suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion 
the public safety may require it. 

3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 



5 ARTICLE II. 

SECTION 1. 



1. The executive power shall be vested in a President 
of the United States of America. He shall hold hia office 
during tlie term of four years, and, together with the 
Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected, aa 
follows : 

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the 
Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal 
to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to 



MONTEITH S IIISTOnY OF THE UNITED STATES, 






•which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no ''., officers of the United States, whose appointments are not 

Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of b herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be estab- 

trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed c lished by law : but the Congress may by law vest the 

an Elector. ) appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, 

3. The Congress may determine the time of choosing c, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the 
the Electors, and the day on winch they shall give their S heads of departments. 

votes- which day shall be the same throughout the United c 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies 

ytates. } that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by 

4. No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen ^ granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their 
of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this > next session. 

Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; r 

neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall ^ SECTION 3. 

not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been <^ He shall from time to time give to the Congress infor- 

fburteeu years a resident within the United States. ;. mation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 

5. In case of the removal of the President from office, ? consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary 
or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the ^ and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, con- 
powers and duties of the said office, the same shall de- ) vene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of dis- 
volve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by ^ agreement between them, with respect to the time of 
law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or ^ adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he 
inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declar- ^ shall think proper; he shall recceive ambassadors and other 
in"' what officer shall then act as President, and such officer /public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be 
shall act accordingl}', until the disability be removed, or a ^ faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers 
President shall be elected. ^ of the United Stales. 

6. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his ^ SECTION 4 

services a compensation, which shall neither be increased ? _, ^^ . . ^ ,,. t^ . , , j „ • •, «. r 

... , , J ■ ^> ■ 1 <• 1-11 1 11 I „ „ ) The President, v ice-President, and all civil officers of 

nor dnniinshed during the period for which he shall have S „,.,.,,„ / , „ i a c ax 

, , , „ ' . -n ■ ,1 4- -^j < the United States, shall be removed from office on im- 

been elected, and he shall not receive within that period / ' •.•<■* i -i .i 

' . (. ,, TT •* 1 cf * „ ^.. „„„ ^p ? peachment for, and conviction of, treason, briber\', or other 

anv other emolument from the United States, or any of ^ f . , . , . , 

, •' < high crimes and misdemeanors, 

them. } ^ 

7. Befere he enter on the execution of his office, he c 

shall take the following Oath or Affirmation: S ARTICLE III. 

" I do solemnly svi'ear (or affirm) that I will faithfully ( 

execute the office of President of the United States, and S SECTION 1. 

will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend i The judicial power of the United States shall be vested 

the Constitution of the United States." S in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the 

s Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The 

SECTION 2. ^ judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold 

1 The President shall be commander-in-chief of the J^ their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated 

army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of S times, receive for their services a compensation, which 

the several States, when called into the actual service of 3 sliall not be diminished during their continuance in office, 

the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, i SECTION '> 

of the principal officer in each of the executive depart- P 

ments, upon any suVijcct relating to the duties of their ( 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law 

respective offices, and he shall have power to grant re- / and equitj^, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the 

prieves and pardons for offences against the United States, '[ United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, 

except in cases of Impeachment. *" under their authority; — to all cases affecting ambassadors, 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and ( other public ministers and consuls ;— to all cases of ad- 
consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two [ miralty and maritime jurisdiction ;— to controversies to 
thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nom- i which the United States vShall be a party;— to contro- 
inate, and by and with the advice and consent of the | versies between two or more States; — between a State 
Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers <- and citizens of another State ; — between citizens of dif- 
and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other [ ferent States, — between citizens of the same State claira« 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 






Jng lands under grants of different States, and between a < SECTION" 3. 

State, or tl.e citizens thereof; and foreign states, citizens or ^ ]_ j^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ be admitted by tbe Congress into 

subjects. \ this Union; but no new State shall bo formed or erected 

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public min- ^ ^^^.i^ u^g jurisdiction of any other Slate; nor any State 
isters and consuls, and those in which a State shall be , y,Q ^^^^^^ ^y t,,g junction of two or more States, or parts 
party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. ■ of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the 
In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court c; states concerned as well as of the Congress. 

shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, ^ 2. The Congress shall have power" to dispose of and 
with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the ( make all needful mles and regulations respecting the ter- 
Congress shall make. ^ ritory or otlier property belonguig to the United States; 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of Impeach- < and nothing in this Constitution shall bo so construed as 
ment, shall be by jury: and such trial shall be held in tho ^ to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any 
State v,-herc the said crimes shall have been committed ; (^ particular State. 

but when not committed within any State, tho trial shall S 

be at such place or places as the Congress may by law ? SECTIOX 4. 

have directed. S xho United States shall guarantee to every State in this 

SECTION" 3. < Union a republican form of government, and shall protect 

1. Trerison against the United States shall consist only ,' eacn of them against invasion ; and on application of the 
in levyiug war against them, or in adhering to their \ Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature can 
enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall * not be convened), against domestic violence. 

be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two '^ 

witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open > A R T I- C L E V . 

court. ■^ 

o rri o 1 11 u . J 1 .1 ( The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shcfll 

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the pun- ,' . ° , ,, 

., . r . ui .*•] f* 1111/ deem it necessar^^ shall propose amendments to this Con- 

ishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work <.. , ,,.,t 

P , , •, r r -^ 4. A ■ .\ I-.- r (. stitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two 

corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the li(e of ; . , ' ' , "^ , ,, ,, . ^ 

^, .^ ■ . A S thirds oi the several btales, shall call a convention for pro- 

the person attainted. c . ... 1 n u r 



ARTICLE IV 



posing ameudments, which, in either case, shall be valid 
to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, 
when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the 



SFCTTO"V 1 / several States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, 

/ as the one or the other mode of ratification may be pro- 
Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the Jpos^d by the Congress, provided that no amendment 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every < ^^^-^^^ „,^^^ ^^ ^^^^ p^j^^ ^^ ^,^o y^..^. ^^^ thousand eight 
other State. And the Congress may by general laws pre- ? i,u„ared and eight shall in anv manner affect the first and 
scribo the manner in which such acts, records, and pro- ^ ^^^^1^ ^^.^^^^^ -^^ ^^^^ „in^,^ g^J^i^^ ^f the first Article; and 
ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. < ^,^3^ ^^ State, without its couseut, shall bo deprived of its 

SECTIO"V 2 ) equal suQrage in the Senate. 



ARTICLE VI 



1. The citizens of each State shall bo entitled to all 5 
privileges and immunities of citizen.^ in the several States. ? 

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, p 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, 
or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found ( before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid 
in another State, shall on demand of the Executive Au- i against the United States under this Constitution, as under 
thority of tho Stale from which he fled, be delivered up, '•» the Confederation. 

to be removed to the State having jurisdiciion of the < 2. This Constitution, and tho laws of the L'nited States 
crime. '} whicli shall bo made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties 

3. Xo person held to service or labor in one State, under y made, or which shall be made, under the authority of tho 
the laws thereof escaping into another, shall, in conse- ^ United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and 
quence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged >^ the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any- 
from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on ) thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to tho con- 
claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be \ trary notwithstanding. 

due. ^ 3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, 



80 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



and the members of the several State Legislatures, and 
all execuiive and judic'Ial officers, both of the United 
States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath 
or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious 
test shall ever be it quired as a qualiticatiou to any office 
or public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall 
be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution be- 
tween the States so ratifying the same. 

Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the 
States present, the seventeenth day of September, in 
the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and 
eighty-seven, and of the Independence of tne United 
States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we 
have hereunto subscribed our names. 

GEO. WASHINGTON, 
Presidt. and Deputy from Virginia, 



John Langdon, 



New Hampshire. 

Nicholas Oilman. 



Massachusetts. 
Nathaniel Gorham, Rufua King. 

Connecticut. 
Wm. Saml. Johnson, Roj,er Siierman. 

New York. 
Alexander Hamilton. 



Wil: Livingston, 
"Wm. Paterson, 



B. Franklin, 
Robt. Morris, 
Tho. Fitzsunons, 
James Wilson, 



Geo. Read, 
John Dickinson, 
Jaco: Broom, 

James McHenry, 
Danl. Carroll, 



John Blair, 



New Jersey. 

David Brearley, 
Jona. Daj'lon. 

Pennsylvania. 

Thomas Mifflin, 
Geo. Clymer, 
Jared Inn-ersoll, 
Gouv. Morris. 

Delaware. 

Gnnninp: Bedford, Juii'r., 
Richard Bussett. 

Maryland. 

Dan : of St. Thos. Jenifer. 

"Virginia. 

James Madison, Jr. 



Wm. Blount, 
Hu. Williamson, 



North Carolina. 

Rich'd Dobbs Spaight. 



South Carolina. 



J. Rutledge, 
Charles Pinckney, 



William Few, 

Attest : 



Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 
Pierce Butler. 

Georgia. 

Abr. Baldwin. 
WILLIAM JACKSON, Stcretary. 



ARTICLES 

IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND 
RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OP THE 
SEVERAL STATP:S, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTff 
ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION. 

ARTICLE I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment 
of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or 
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or tho 
right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition 
the Government for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. 

A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security 
of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear 
arms shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, bo quartered in any 
house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of 
war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persona, 
houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searcliea 
and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall 
issue, but upon probable cause, supported b)' oath or 
affirmation, and particularly describin;j: tlie place to be 
searched, and f c persons or things to be seized. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 81 



~-^y ^-^'^/•, 



ARTICLE V. < ARTICLE XII. 

No person shall bo held to answer for a capital, or other- ^ i. Tho Electors sliall meet in their respective States, 
wise iutiunous crime, unless ou a presentment or indict- ^ and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one 
ment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land ', of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in [■ State with thcmsLlves; they shall name in their ballots the 
time of war or public danger; nor shall any person bo f person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the 
subject for tho same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of ^ jjerson voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make 
life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case < distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of 
to bo a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, ) all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the num- 
liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall q ber of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, 
private property be taken for public use without just com- ^ and transmit sealed to tho seat of the Government of the 
pensation. ( United States, directed to the President of the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. ^ '^^° President of tho Senate shall, in presence of the 

s Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certiti- 
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy tho <, ^.^tes, and the votes shall then bo counted. The person 
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of > j^^^j^^ ^he greatest number of votes for President shall be 
the State and district wherein the crime shall have been < ^j^^ president, if such nuniber be a majority of the whole 
committed, winch district shall have been previously ascer- ^ number of Electors appointed; and if no person havpsuch 
ta.n.d by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause C ..lajority, then from tho persons having the highest num- 
of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses > ^^^^ ^^^^ exceeding three on the list of those voted for as 
against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining ^ President, the House of Representatives shall choose irarae- 
witnesses in liis favor, and to have the assistance of coun- ^^ ^-^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^„^^^ ^j^^ President. But in choosing the 
eel for his defense. _, i>i.esidont, the votes shall be taken by States, the repre- 

AT^Tir'T'R'VTT I ^^^'^'-'O" ^™"i *^^*'"1^ Stato having one vote ; a quorum for 

S this purpose sliall consist of a member or members from 
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy ^ two-thirds of tho States, and a majority of all tlie States 
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall ( shall be necessary to a choice. And if tho House of 
be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise ] Representatives shall not choose a President whenever 
reexamined in any court of the United States, than accord- > tlie right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
ing to the rules of tho common law. i fourth day of March next following, then tho Vice-Presi- 

' d ent shall act as President, as in the case of the death or 
ARTICLE VIII. > other constitutional disability of the President. 

Excessive bail shall not lie required, nor excessive fines ^ 2. The person having the greatest number of votes as 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. > Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number 

> lie a majority of the whole number of Klectors appointed ; 
ARTICLE IX. ^ and if no person have a majority, then from tho two high- 

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, ] ^^ ""'"'^^''^ ^-^ '•'« ^'""^ ^^"^ ^^^"'"« ^'''''1' '^''^o^'^ ^'''^ ^'i^^- 
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained > ^'^^^^^^^'^ '^ 'I'Jorum for the purpose shall consist of two- 
bv the Deoule < '•'^'■'^^ ^^ ^■^"^ whole number of Senators, and a majority 

^ of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
A R T I C L E X . ? ^- ^^^ "° person constitutionally ineligible to the office 

'* of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of 
The powers not delegated to the United States by the -^ ,t T'nitod '^tites 
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are re--; ATjrpxrtTT? "VTTT 

served to the States respectively, or to the people ^ Alllll^JjH, A. 111. 

\ 1. Neither slaverj' nor involuntary servitude, ex- 

A K 1 1 C L E X 1. ' cept as a punishment for crime, whereof the party 

The judicial power of the United States shall not bo j shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within 

construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, com- ) the United States, or any place subject to their 

inenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by ( jurisdiction. 

citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any ; 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this Arti- 
foreign state. < p]g jjy appropriate legislation. 



82 



MONTEITU'S HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. 



ARTICLE XIV. 

1. All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States and subjecb to the jurisdiction thereof, are 
citizens of the Unite! States and of the State where- 
in they reside. No State shall make or enforce any 
law which shall abridge the privileges or immuni- 
ties of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any 
State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property 
without due process of law ; nor deny to any person 
within its jurisiiction the equal protection of the 

laws. 

2. Repres3ntatives shall be appomted among the 
several Siatjs according to their respective numbers, 
counting the whole number of persons in each State, 
excluding Indians not taxed ; but when the right to 
vote at any election for the choice of Electors for 
President and Vice-President of the United States, 
Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Ju- 
dicial officers of a State, or the members of the 
Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male 
inhabitants of such State (being twenty-one years 
of age and citizens of the United States), or in any 
way abridged, except for participation in rebellion 
or other crime, the basis of representation therein 
shall be reJuc3d in the proportion which the num- 
ber of such male citizens shall bear to the whole 



number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in said 
State. 

3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con- 
gress, or Elector, or President, or Vice-President, or hold any 
office, civil or military under the United States, or under any 
State, who, haviug previously taken an oath as a member of 
Congress, or as an orticer of the United States, or as a member 
of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer 
of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States. 
shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion aj,'aiiist the 
same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; but Con- 
gress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such 
disability. 

4. The validity of the public debt of the United State-, au- 
thorized by law, including deb*^s iucurred for payment of pen- 
sions and bounties, for services in suppressmic insurrection 
or rebellion, shall not be questioned; but neither the United 
States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obli^ra- 
tion incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion againsi the 
United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any 
slave. But a'il such debts, obligations, and claims, shall be 
held illegal and void. 

5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate 
legislation, the provisions of this Article. 



ARTICLE XV. 

1. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall 
not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any 
State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of ser- 
vitude. 

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article Ijy ap- 
propriate legislation. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



A.DAMS, Samuel, one of the earliest and most 
distinguished of American patriots, was bt)rn at 
Boston, Mass., in 1722. He was among the fore- 
most to resist the oppression of Great Britain, and 
was proscribed by that government for the promi- 
nent part which he took in opposing its measures. 
He w^as chosen a member of the first Congress, un- 
der the confederation, in 1774; signed the Declara- 
ration of Independence in 1776 ; and was elected 
governor of Massachusetts in 1794. He died Octo- 
ber 3, 1803, universally esteemed as having, by liis 
powerful efforts in behalf of liberty, been one of 
those to whom we owe its possession. 

ADAMS, John, the second President of the Uni- 
ted States, was born at Braintree, Mass., in 1735. 
He studied law, at the same time teaching Latin and 
Greek to enable him to prosbcute his studies. He 
took a prominent part against the British encroach- 
ments ; was elected to the first Congress, and, in 
1776, was appointed to tlie committee which report- 
ed the Declaration. He was chosen Commissioner to 



the Court of Versailles in 1777, and, after his return, 
was sent to Great Britain for tlie purpose of neg<v 
tiating a yjeace and treaty of commerce. He was the 
first minister to England in 1785. He was chosen 
Vice-president under Washington, and continued 
in tliat office during eight years, when he was 
elected President. He died July 4th, 1826. 

ADAMS, John Qttinot, son of Jolm, and sixtli 
President of the United States, was born at Quiiicy, 
Massachusetts, in 1767. He was ai)pointed by 
Washington minister to the Netherlands, and after- 
wiird to Holland, England, and Prussia. He was a 
Senator in Congress, and afterward minister to 
Eussia under Madison. He was one of the Com- 
missioners to Ghent, in 1814, to negotiate a peace 
with Great Britain, and, after the signing of that 
treaty, was sent to the Court of St. James to nego- 
tiate a commercial treaty with that government. 
In 1817 he was made Secretary of State by Presi- 
dent Monroe, and continued in office until 1825, 
when he was chosen President. He held that office 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



83 



for one term, was afterward elected to Congress, 
and died in Washington in 18-i8. He left a number 
of State papers and iin])id)lislied works. 

ALLEN, Ethan, a brigadier-general in the Rev- 
olutionary army, was born at Salisbury, Conn., in 
1743, but was educated in Vermont. He was noted 
for his early and active efforts in behalf of liberty; 
and in 1775, soon after the battle of Lexington, 
succeeded in capturing the fortresses of Ticonderoga 
and Crown Point. During that year he was taken 
captive, in an attempt to conquer Montreal, sent to 
England, and there imprisoned. In 1778 he was 
exchanged for Colonel Campbell, and, shortly after- 
ward, was appointed to the command of the State 
militia of Vermont. He died in 1789. 

AMES, FisiiKR, one of the most eminent Ameri- 
can statesmen, was born at Dedham, Mass., in 1758. 
He was chiefly noted for his writings, mostly on 
political subjects relating to the Revolution. He 
was a member of Congress during the whole of 
Washington's administration, distinguishing himself 
by his patriotism and ehxjuence. In 1804 he was 
chosen president of Harvard College, but declined 
the honor. He died July 4th, 1808. 

AMHERST, Jeffrey, Lord, an English general 
of celebrity, was born in 1727. He served in the 
English army on the Continent, and afterward ob- 
tained renown at the siege of Louisburg, in 1758. 
He was made governor of Virginia, and command- 
er-in-chief of the forces in America. Niagara, 
Ticonderoga, Montreal, and Quebec were taken by 
him, and he finally obtained the submission of all 
Canada. His great services were rewarded by 
England as they deserved, and he was at length 
raised to the rank of field-marshal. He died in 1797. 

ANDRfi, John, a major in the British army, was 
intrusted with the negotiation of the delivery of 
West Point into the hands of the English, through 
the treachery of Benedict Arnold. After arranging 
the whole plan he was seized, on his return, by 
three American militia-men, who searched him, 
and found his papers relating to the plot concealed 
in his boot. He was conducted before General 
Washington, tried by a court-martial, found guilty, 



) and condemned to be executed as a spy. He was 

S hung, notwithstanding his entreaties to be shot, on 

/ the 2d October, 1780, at the age of 29. His early 

; and unfortunate death was deeply regretted by all 

ij wlio knew him, on both sides, for his accomplish- 

) ments, anuability, youth, and earnest devotion to 

) his country, made him beloved by all. 

S ANDROS, Edmund, a governor of the province 
} of New York in 1674, and subsequently of New 
) England. He was notorious for tyranny and big- 
l otry, and his arbitrary conduct finally induced the 
people to take up arms against liim. He was im- 
prisoned and sent to England for trial, but was 
dismissed without a final decision. In 1692 he v/as 
made governor of Virginia, wliere he acted with 
more prudence. He died in London, in 1714. 

ARCHDALE, John, governor of Nortii Caro- 
lina, where he arrived in 1695, and ruled so judi- 
ciously that the colony became remarkably prosper- 
ous. He introduced the culture of rice, wliich has 
since become so valuable. After five or six years 
of wise administration, lie returned to London, and 
did not again visit this country. 

ARGALL, Samuel, a deputy-governor of Vir- 
ginia in 1609. His government was odious to the 
people. In 1612 he carried off Pocahontas to 
Jamestown. His conduct fomented a war between 
the French and English colonists. He was finally 
recalled for his maladministration, and returned to 
England in 1619. He was afterward knighted by 
King James. 

ARMSTRONG, John, an American general, dis- 
tinguished in the Indian wars. He defended Fort 
Moultrie, and was at the battle of Germantown. 
He died in 1795. 

ARMSTRONG, John, son of the i)receding, was 
also an American general. He is known as tlie 
author of the "Newburg Letters," written after the 
close of the Revolution, for the purpose of obtain- 
ing a recompense for the oflicers of the army. They 
had a great effect upon the country, which might 
have led to unfortunate results, had it not been for 
the wisdom and prudence of General Wii^jhington. 



84 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



He was Secretary of War at the time of the sacking 
of Washington in 1814, and fled from the city; an 
act which greatly detracted from his reputation. 
A strong feehng of indignation arising against him, 
he resigned his office, and from that time lived in 
retirement. He died in 1843. 

BAOOiSr, Nathaniel, celebrated as the leader of 
" Bacon's Jlebellion," was a member of the council 
of Virginia. The incursions of the savages devas- 
tated the frontier, but Governor Berkeley provided 
no efficient measures for the relief of the colony. 
Bacon then assumed the command of the people, 
and was denounced as a rebel. His bravery re- 
stored quiet and confidence to the colonists, but 
the governor still condemned him. After putting 
an end to the Indian war, he was about to besiege 
Governor Berkeley, at Accomac, when he suddenly 
died, in 1676. He was a man of noble impulses, 
powerful mind, and invincible courage. 

BALBOA, Vasco Nunez de, a Oastilian, famous 
for his enterprise and misfortunes, was one of the 
first who visited the West Indies. His earnest 
efforts in the pursuit of fame gained him the envy 
and dislike of tlie Spanish governor of Darien, who 
saw with a jealous eye the colony which he had 
established on the Isthmus of Panama, and accused 
him of disloyalty, and a design to revolt. His 
cruelty was successful, and the unfortunate Balboa 
was executed in 1517. 

BAINBRIDGE, William, a commodore of the 
United States navy, was born at Princeton, N. J., 
in 1774. He acquired his fame during the war 
with Algiers, and was a captive in Barbary for 
nineteen months. In 1812, while in command of 
the frigate Constitution, he captured the British 
frigate Java. At his death, in 1833, he was the 
third in rank in the American navy, having ac- 
quired a universal reputation and popularity. 

BALTIMORE, Lord. See Calvert. 

BERKELEY, William, governor of Virginia, 
was noted only for obstinacy, faithlessness, and 
revengeful spirit; the combination of which evils 
caused "Bacon's Rebellion." After s, course of 



maladministration, which even the Assembly de- 
nounced, he was induced to return to England, 
where he died in '677. 

BOONE, Daniel, one of the earliest settlers of 
Kentucky, was born in Virginia, and, in 1773, at- 
tempted to cross to Kentucky, with a party of 
others who placed themselves under his guidance. 
After various interruptions from the Indians, he 
was finally taken prisoner by them, but escaped by 
means of stratagem. After a few more ineffectual 
attempts upon the whites, the Indians were at 
length routed, and made no further attack upon 
Boonesborough. The Spanish authorities having 
presented him with 2000 acres of land, and his 
children and followers with 800 each, he removed 
to upper Louisiana, and settled at Charette, on the 
Missouri, where he followed his usual course of life 
until his death, in September, 1822. It is said 
that he died in the very act of aiming at some 
object, and was found on his knees, with his gun 
resting on the trunk of a tree. 

BRADDOCK, Edward, major-general and com- 
mander-in-chief of the British forces in America, 
conducted an expedition against the French, at 
Fort Du Quesne, now Pittsburg, in 1755. When 
in the neighborhood of the fort he was advised to 
take precautions against the Indians, who, it was 
feared, might be lying in ambush. Disregarding 
the caution, the array was surprised by the savages, 
and a terrible defeat and slaughter ensued. All his 
mounted officers, with the exception of Colonel 
Washington, his aid-de-cainp, were killed, and Gen- 
eral Braddock himself mortally wounded. The army 
retreated precipitately to General Dunbar's camp, 
where General Braddock expired. 

BRADFORD, William, second governor of 
Plymouth colony, and one of the first settlers of 
New England, was born in England in 1588, and 
joined with zeal in the project of emigrating to 
America. He sailed in the Mayflower, but, just 
before the place of settlement was fixed upon, his 
wife fell into the sea and was drowned. He was 
appointed governor in 1621, upon the death of 
Governor Carver, and immediately secured the 
friendship of the Indian sachem, Massasoit. In the 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



So 



beginning of the next year, wliilc the colony was 
suffering severely from famine, Canonicus, cliief of 
the Xarragansetts, sent them a hiindle of arrows, 
bound witli a serpent's skin. Tlie governor jjrompt- 
ly returned the skin, stuffed with junvder and ball, 
whic'li completely intimidated the savages. The 
friendly Massasoit, in return for fovors during his 
ilhiess, informed Bradford of an Indian conspiracy 
to extirpate the English, and the ciiief conspirators 
were immediately seized and executed. A compre- 
hensive patent had been obtained for New England, 
from the council, in the name of William Bradford, 
his heirs, associates, and assignees, and in 1640 the 
general court requested Bradford to resign it to 
them. This he did cheerfully, when it was imme- 
diately returned to him. After being annually 
chosen governor as long as he lived, with the ex- 
ception of several years when he declined the office, 
he died in 1657. 

BRANDT, Joseph, an Indian cliief of the Mo- 
hawk tribe, was born on the banks of the Mohawk, 
about 1742. He was thought to be a half-breed. 
Sir William Johnston took a great interest in him, 
and, through his kindness, Brandt obtained a toler- 
able education. He visited England in 1775, nnd, 
being greatly noticed there, he of course imbibed 
prejudices against the Americans, in addition to 
his natural enmity to them. On his return he was 
employed by the British to conduct the attack.s 
of the Indians upon the colonists; and, associated 
with Colonel Butler, he commenced a series of hor- 
rible massacres, the most terrible of which was 
that of Wyoming, at which, however, Brandt him- 
self was not present. Brandt, however, seeing that 
civilization was making slow, but sure progi-ess, 
wisely determined to pursue a more pacific policy, 
for his own future benefit, and tried to prevail 
upon the Indians to accept terms of peace. Hav- 
ing received from King George a tract of land upon 
Lake Ontario, lie retired tliitlier and spent tiie re- 
mainder of his life in quiet. He died in 1807. 



society. They were at length compelled to seek 
refuge in a new country, but, being opposed by the 
government, he was seized and imprisoned. Final- 
ly, having obtained his release, he assisted the poor 
of the society to embark for Holland, and immedi- 
ately followed them thither. His means being ex- 
hausted, he opened a school for teaching the Engli.->h 
language, by means of a grammar of his own con- 
struction. He was chosen a ruling elder in the 
cliurch at Leyden, and came, with its members, to 
New England in 1620. He frequently officiated 
there as minister, and died, at an advanced age, in 
1644. 

BROCK, Isaac, m^'or-general in the British 
army. He captured General Hull and his whole 
army at Detroit, in 1812, and afterward jiroceeded 
to the Niagara frontier, where he was killed at the 
battle of Qiieenstown, October 13th of the same 
year. Diu-ing his fimeral the guns of the American 
fort Were tired, as a token of respect for his bravery 
and generosity. 

BROWN, Jacob, major-general in the Atuerican 
army, Avas a member of the sect of Quakers. In 
1799 he Avent to the frontiers, and began to fell the 
forest with his own hand; and, having thus made 
the beginning ot a settlement, he purchased more 
land, and was made agent for a wealthy Frenchman 
who owned a large tract in that region. He was 
successful in obtaining settlers; and, having obtain- 
ed a sufficient number, organized a body of militia, 
of which, notwithstanding his Quaker prejudices, 
he took command. He soon found his numbers 
increased to a regiment; and, at the comtnence- 
ment of the war in 1812, was made major-general 
of militia. He soon after accepted a i)rofler from 
government of a high command in the army, and, 
at the close of the war, found himself at its head, 
having moved on, from one position to another, 
until he reached the highest. He died at Wash- 
ington in 1828. 



BREWSTER, William, one of the first settlers { BURGOYNE, John, an officer in the English army, 

of Plymoutli colony, was horn in England in 1560. J was chiefly noted for the capture of Ticonderoga, 

He discovered much corruption in the forms and ' during the American war, but finally surrendered 

usages of the Estal)lished Church, and separated ; to General Gates, at Saratoga. He was elected to 

from it, forming, with a few others, a separate { Parliament in England, and, refusing to return to 



86 



MOXTEITII'S JIIGTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



America, was dismissed the service. He published 
some pamphlets in defense of his conduct, besides 
several dramas, and died in 1792. 

BUCHANAN, James, see Appendix. 

BURR, Aakon, third Vice-president of the Uni- 
ted States, was born at Newark, N. J., in 1756. 
He joined the American army iu 1775, under Wash- 
ington, at Cambridge, went with Arnold, as a pri- 
vate soldier, on his expedition to Quebec, and, after 
arriving there, was aid-de-camp to General Mont- 
gomery. On his return, General Washington in- 
vited him to join his family at head-(juarters, but 
some unexplained circumstance soon transpired by 
which Burr lost the confidence of Wat^hington ; 
and from that time his hostility to the commander- 
in-chief was strong and ojyen. After distinguishing 
himself in the rank of lieutenant-colonel, he was 
obliged to retire from military life, on account of 
his ill health. He then devoted himself to the 
study of law, was appointed attorney-general of the 
State of New York in 1789, was afterward a sen- 
ator in Congress, and was prominent as a leader of 
the republican party. At the election of President 
for the fourth presidential term, Thomas Jefferson 
and Aanm Burr had each 73 votes, and, on the 
36th ballot. Congress decided in favor of Jefferson 
for President, and Burr for Vice-Pre3i lent. In July, 
1804, occurred the duel between Burr and Alexan- 
der Hamilton, his political opponent and rival, in 
which Hamilton was mortally wounded. Soon 
after. Burr conceived his wild project of invading 
Mexico, and establishing a separate government in 
the Southwestern States. He was apprehended, 
and brought to Richmond in 1807, on a charge of 
treason, of which, after a long trial, he was acquit- 
ted. He returned to New York, and passed the 
remainder of his life in comparative obscurity. He 
died on Staten Island, in 1836. 

BUTLER, John, Colonel, was born in Connecti- 
cut, but removed to the valley of Wyoming. Dur- 
ing the Revolution, he was the leader of a band of 
Tories who co-operated with a party of Indians 
imder their chieftain, Brandt. It was by his insti- 
gation that the horrid cruelties of the massacre of 
Wyoming, in 1778, were enacted by some 1600 
Tories and Indians. In conjunction with Brandt, 
he committed similar atrocities in the valley of the 



]\[ohawk. Treating alike the defenseless , and the 
strong, withcmt regard to age or sex, he and his 
Tories perpetrated deeds of inhumanity and horror 
wliich even the savage Indian shuddered to wit- 
ness. During the same year he sent his son, Walter 
Butler, with a party of Tories, to join Brandt and 
his Indians, who, together, fell suddenly upon the 
settlement of Cherry Yalley, murdering many of 
the inhabitants, and carrying off others into cap- 
tivity. After the war, Butler settled in Canada, 
where he was granted 5000 acres of land, and an 
annual income of £500, by the British government. 

BUTLER, Zebulon, Colonel, was a native of Con- 
necticut, but removed to Wyoming, where, in 1778, 
at the head of a small party of patriots, he attempted 
the defense of the place, but was overpowered by su- 
perior numbers, — Tories and Indians, under Colonel 
John Butler. Zebulon Butler was one of the few 
who, by flight, escaped sliaring the fate of the un- 
fortunate victims of tiie massacre of Wyoming. 

CABOT, Sebastian, son of John Cabot, a Vene- 
tian pilot, was born at Bristt)l, England, in 1467. 
He studied mathematics and cosmography, and 
became skilled iu navigation at an early age. In 
1497 he, together with his father, was engaged by 
Henry VII. to discover a northwest passage to 
India; and, on one of tlieir voyages discovered 
Newfoundland, and, on another, saw the mainland 
of America, being the fii'st Europeans Avho had 
done so. He was employed by the King of Spain 
to sail to the Moluccas, by way of the Straits of 
Magellan, but the mutinous spirit of his crew pre- 
vented the accomplishment of his olyect, and he 
landed at Paraguay, wliere he remained live years. 
Returning to Spain, he exhibited proofs of the 
great resources of the countries he had visited, but 
was treated coldly, as he failed to realize the ava- 
ricious hopes of the Spaniards. He then returned 
to England, where his merits and nautical skill 
gained him the notice of Edward VI., who settled 
a handsome pension on him. In 1552 he planned 
an exploring voyage to the northern regions of the 
world ; and to him England owes her first mercan- 
tile connection with Russia, by the establishment 
of the Russia Company, of which Cabot was ap- 
pointed governor. He published a map of the 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, 



world, and an iiocount of his southern voyages. 
He died in 1557. 



Restoration, at which time C/e(;il Calvert recovered 
his ri^ht. Leonard died in 1(376. 



CALVERT, George, first Lord Bt> timore, was 
an English statesman, and Secretary of State to 
James I., but was obliged to resign his office. lie 
still remained in favor with tiie king, and, having 
been constituted proprietor of part of Newfound- ) 
land, wiiile Secretary of State, he visited it twice, 
and spent a large sum upon it. He was so annoyed 
by the French, however, that he at length relin- 
quished tlie idea of a settlement there, and finally 
settled on tlie territory northward of tiie Potomac. 
Returning to England, he obtained a grant of it 
from Charles I., but, before the patent was com- 
pleted, he died, in 1632. After his death, the patent 
was obtained in the name of his son Cecil. The 
country was called Maryland, in l.'onor of Hen- 
rietta Maria, the queen-consort of Charles the 
First. 

CALVERT, Leonard, first governor of Maryland, 
was the brother of Cecil Calvert, the proprietor, who 
sent him to America, as the head of the colony, in 

1633. He arrived at Point Comfort, in Virginia, in 

1634. He afterward sailed up tlie Chesapeake, and 
entered the Potomac, up which he sailed until he 
reached an island, which he named St. Clement's. 
Here he formally took possession of tlie country; and, 
having obtained an audience of the prince, he con- 
vinced the natives that his designs were honorable; 
and then, wishing a more suitable -station for his 
settlement, he visited an Indian village, about four 
leagues from the inouth of the Potomac. Here, by 
means of presents to the prince and his chiefs, he 
succeeded in conciliating them, and obtained per- 
mission to reside in one part of the town until the 
next harvest, when it was stipulated that the In- 
dians should leave the place entirely. Having thus 
acquired peaceable possession of Maryland, he 
named the town St. Mary's, and the creek on which 
it Avas situated, St. George. The princi[)les of the 
colony were religious toleration and security of 
property, and thus the Roman Catholic colony 
became a refuge for those who fled from the intol- 
erance of the Puritans. Leonard Calvert acted as 
governor until the civil war in England, when 
Parliament appointed a new governor until the 



CALHOUN', JoriN C, one of the most eminent 
of American statesmen, was born in South Carolina 
in 1782. In 1811 he was elected to Congres.s, 
where he soon distinguished himself as an orator 
and debater. In 1817 he was made Secretary of 
War, under President Monroe; in 1825 he was 
elected Vice-president; and in 1831, a senator. 
In 1843 he was made Secretary of State, and again 
became senator in 1845. He died March 31st, 
1850, having remained at Washington nearly the 
whole time since 1821 His speeches gained hiiu 
an undying reputation for eloquence. His charac- 
ter was noted for its nobleness and integrity. 

CARLETON", GtJT, Lord Dorchester, a distin- 
gnisiied British officer, signalized himself at tlie 
siege of Quebec, in 1758. In 1772 he was made gov- 
ernor of Quebec, and appointed major-general ; and, 
by his great exertions, saved Canada when its capi- 
tal was besieged by Generals Arnold and Mont- 
gomery. For this he was knighted, and made lieu- 
tenant-general. He next succeeded General Clinton 
as commander-in-chief in America, and, at the end 
of the war, was created a peer, and made governor 
of Quebec, Xova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Ho 
died in 1808. 

CARROLL, Charles, of Carrollton, was born in 
1737, was of Irish descent, and inherited a lar ;e 
estate in Maryland. He was known as a strong 
advocate for liberty, and able political writer. In 
1776 he was a delegate to Congress, and subscribed 
his name to the Declaration, of which he was the 
last surviving signer. After devoting himself to 
the councils of his native State, and serving as sen- 
ator in Congress, he retired to private life in 1810, 
and jiassed his remaining days in illustrious repose- 
He died in 1832. 

CARTIER, James, a French navigator, wliomade 
important discoveries in Canada. Francis L, of 
France, sent Cartier out in 1534, to establish a col- 
ony in Newfoundland. In this royage he visited 
the greater part of the coast around the Gulf of St. 
Lawrence, and took possestion of the country it 



88 



MOXTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 



the name of the king. The next year he was again 
sent out; and, proceeding up the St. Lawrence, 
formed a settlement upon an island which he called 
Mont Real, now Montreal. Here, by means of the 
two natives whom Cartier, on his first visit, had 
induced to accompany him, he established friendly 
feelings with the Indian chiefs. Cartier and his 
followers were entertained with hospitality and 
kindness; in return for which the chief was kid- 
napped and taken to France, where he died. Tlien 
commenced, and justly so, tlie liostilities of the 
natives. Consequently, Cartier, on his return in 
1541, was opposed by force on the jjart of the in- 
dignant and outraged natives, and compelled to 
built a fort for his defense near the present site of 
Quebec. Determining to return home, he stopped on 
his way at St. John's, in Newfoundland, where he 
was ordered to return to Canada; but, not choosing 
to obey, he sailed away at niglit. He published mem- 
oirs of Canada on his return from his second voyage. 

CARVER, John, first governor of Plymouth col- 
ony, was a native of England, and one of Mr. Rob- 
inson's congregation in Ley den. He came to Amer- 
ica in the Mayflower, in 1620; was elected the first 
governor of the colony, in which capacity he acted 
with great prudence and satisfaction. He died 
suddenly, April, 1621. In six weeks his wife fol- 
lowed him in death. 

CLAY, Henry, was born in Virginia, in 1777. 
His father dying when Henry was very young, left 
his family in poverty. His mother, a woman of 
high toned morals and excellent judgment, always 
pointed her young family to the paths of honesty 
and virtue; but, from her straitened circumstances, 
was able to afford the youth no education except 
that of a log-cabin school-house; he, meanwhile, 
engaged in the toils of a plow-boy, shoeless and 
coatless, until he reached the age of fourteen, 
when he was placed in a store in Richmond, 
and in a year exchanged his situation for one 
in the oflSce of the clerk of the High Court of 
Chancery. He soon commenced the study of 
law, and, almost immediately upon entering his 
profession, he acquired friends, and speedily rose to 
distinction. After serving as senator for a short 
time, he- became S[)eaker of tlie lower House, and. 



in the winter of 1813-14, when Congress sent min- 
isters to Ghent to treat with Great Britain, Mr. 
Clay was one of the number. On his return, he 
was elected to Congress, and served as Speaker for 
many years. In 1825 he was Secretary of State 
under John Quincy Adams. In 1832 he was a can- 
didate for the Presidency, in opposition to General 
Jackson, but was defeated. In 1842 he resigned 
his seat in the Senate, and retired to private life. 
In 1844 he was the whig candidate for the Presi- 
dency, in opposition to James K. Polk, the demo- 
cratic nominee, by whom he was defeated. In 
1848 he was again a candidate for the Presidential 
nomination, hut General Taylor was the clioice of 
the whigs, and was elected. In 1849 Mr. Clay was 
sent for the last tirne to the Senate, and his public 
duties occupied him until his death, in 1852. He 
was noted for his zeal and eloquence, and great 
talents as a lawyer and statesman. 

CLINTON", Hexrt, a general in the American 
war. He distinguished himself at Bunker Hill, 
evacuated Philadelphia in 1778, and took Charles- 
ton in 1780, for which he was thanked by the 
House of Commons. He was made governor of 
Gibraltar in 1795, afterward member of Parliament, 
and died soon after. 

CLINTON, De Witt, governor of New York, 
was born in 1769. He was elected to the Sen- 
ate of New York in 1799; in 1802 was made a 
United States Senator; in 1803 was chosen Mayor 
of the city of New York, and re-elected for several 
years. Under his auspices the City Hall and Or- 
phan Asylum were founded, and the city fortified. 
He was afterward elected governor, and did much 
for education and internal improvement. In 1824 
the Legislature, without any assigned reason, re- 
moved him from his office as president of the Board 
of Canal Commissioners, which act of injustice 
aroused the indignation of the people, who elected 
him governor by an overwhelming majority. Dur- 
ing his administration the Erie Canal, which we 
owe to his perseverance, was finished, and its com- 
pletion celebrated throughout the State. He died 
at Albany in 1828. 

CODDINGTON, William, one of the founders 



BIOORAPIITCAL SKETCHES, 



89 



of Rhode Island, was a native of Eiiii^laiid, and caine 
to America in 1630. In 1638 he removed to Rliode 
Ishmd, and, by his inflnence, something hke a regu- 
lar ])lan of government was adopted, and lie was 
chosen governor until the ciiarter was obtained, 
and tiie island incorporated with the Providence 
plantations. In 1647 he assisted in forming tiie 
code of laws which has been the basis of tiie gov- 
ernment of Rliode I.--laii<l ever since. He declined 
the office of governor in 1648, but afterward ac- 
cepted it in 1674 and 1675. He died in 1678. 

COLUMBUS, CiiKisTopiiKu, the discoverer of 
the New World, was born in Genoa about 1435. 
He soon gave evidence of great talents for geogra- 
phy, togetlier with a strong inclimilion for the sea. 
He studied all the maps and charts he could pro- 
cure, and made occasional voyages. His own re- 
flections, togetlier witli facts which he learned from 
navigators, convinced him of the existence of un- 
known lands, separated from Europe by the At- 
lantic. He souglit aid in vain from Genoa, Portu- 
gal, and England ; and tlnally, through the instru- 
mentality of Isabella, (pieen of Spain, he obtained 
three vessels for a voyage of discovery. He sailed 
frcmi Palos, August 3d, 1492, bent on reaching 
India by a westerly course. He voyaged for two 
montlis without result, and his crew becoming 
nmtinous and alarmed, in consequence of the varia- 
tion of the needle, he promised that if three days 
brouglit no further signs of land, th^y would com- 
mence their homeward voyage. On tlie third day 
tliey came in sight of the Baliamas, and afterward 
explored some otlier of the West India islands. He 
built a fort at Ilispaniola, left some of his men there, 
and returned home, where he was warmly received. 
In his third vojage, in 1498, he saw tiie mainland 
of America, at tlie mouth of the Orinoco, for the 
first time. Having assumed the coniiiiand of His. 
I)aniola, complaints were made against liiiii, and h 
was sent home in irons, an indignity which tlie 
great man bore witli noble fortitude. Having ob- 
tained an audience of his sovereign, he was i)artial- 
ly reinstated, but soon found that full justice would 
never be awarded him. Notwithstanding tliis un- 
worthy treatment, lie made anotlier voyage, wiiich 
was attended with great disastei* from storms and 
shipwreck, and two years after iiis return, he sunk 



) 

) under the burden of oppression and injustice. He 

died at Valladolid, in 1506. His body was con- 
veyed to St. Domingo, and afterward to Havana. 

CORTEZ, Feknaxdo, the conqueror of Mexico, 
was born in 1485. The conquest of Mexico being 
decided upon, Cortez obtained command of the ex- 
pedition, and set sail in 1518 with ten vessels and 
700 men. He was peaceably received in Mexico, 
but, liaving seized upon Montezuma, the native 
emperor, and treated the people with great inso- 
lence, they resisted his encroachments. He be- 
sieged tlie capital, and a dreadful slaughter was the 
result. Having reduced tiie city, he next conquered 
the whole territory, committing tlie most terrible 
atrocities. Spain rewarded him with wealth and 
rank, but tlie court of Madrid, jealous of his power, 
treated him with cold neglect. He died in 1554. 

CORNWALLIS, Lokd Charles, was born in 
1738, and entered the army at an early age. He 
was conspicuous in the American war, distinguish- 
ing liimself at tlie battle of Bramlywine, at the 
siege of Ciiarleston, and at Camden and Guilford. 
He was finally compelled to surrender to Washing- 
ton at Yorktown, in Virginia, which put an end to 
the Revolution. He afterward served in India 
with great renown ; was afterward lord-lieutenant 
of Ireland and governor-general of India. He died 
in 1805. 

COTTON, JouN, who has been called the patri- 
arcli of New England, was one of the most dis- 
tinguislied of the early ministers of tlie colony. 
During the government of Bishop Laud over the 
English Church, Cotton was cited before the High 
Commission Court for nonconformity, and, being 
obliged to flee, came to New England for a refuge. 
He remained in Boston, connected with the church 
there, for nineteen years, and died in 1652. 

DAVENPORT, Joiix, first minister of New Ha- 
ven. He came to America in consecjuence of tlie 
jiersecution which he sufiered as a Nonconformist. 
After his arrival, he, with a company of followers, 
left Boston to found a new colony, which they did 
at New Haven, where lie was minister nearly thirty 
years. He died in 1670. 



90 



MONTEITU'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



DEARBORN, Henry, a distinguished general in 
the Revolution, who arrived at Cambridge, the day 
after the battle of Lexington, with sixty volunteers. 
He was in the battle of Bunker Hill; accompanied 
Arnold to Quebec ; was major in the army under 
Gates at Burgoyne's defeat; distinguished himself 
for his bravery at Monmouth ; and was present at 
Yorktown, at the surrender of Cornwallis. In 1801 
he was appointed Secretary of War ; in 1812 re- 
ceived a commission as senior major-general ; and 
in 1813 captured York in U[>per Canada, and Fort 
George at the mouth of the Niagara. He was min- 
ister to Portugal in 1822, but was recalled at his 
own request. He died in 1829. 

DECATUR, Stephen, Connnodore, was born in 
Maryland, in 1779. He entered the American navy 
at the age of nineteen, sailed three times to the Med- 
iterranean, under Commodores Dale, Morris, and 
Pi-eble, and arrived there the third time soon after 
tlie frigate Philadelphia had fallen into the hands of 
the Tripolitans. He formed the daring idea of recap- 
turing or destroying her, and succeeded in boarding 
her, overpowering her crew and setting tire to her, 
when he returned to his vessel, and, favored by the 
wind, was soon out of reach of the enemy's guns. 
For this exploit he was made post-captain. In 
another attack on Tripoli, he, by his invincible 
bravery, captured two of the enemy's gun-boats, 
and carried them off as prizes. On his return to 
the United States, he was ordered to supersede 
Commodore Barron in command of the Chesai)eake. 
Afterward, with the frigate United States, lie cap- 
tured the British ship Macedonian, one of the finest 
frigates in the British navy, after an action of an 
hour and a half. Being appointed to the frigate 
President, he attempted to get to sea, but his vessel 
was captured by three others. After the conclusion 
of the war with England, he was again sent to the 
Mediterranean, and at length compelled the Al- 
gerine government to sign a treaty most humiliating 
to themselves, and honorable to the United States. 
He also obtained redress from Tunis and Tripoli. 
He was killed in a duel with Commodore Barron, 
March 22<1, 1820. 

DOUGLAS, Stephen A., see Appendix. 

FRANKLIN, Benjamin, an eminent philosopher, 
politician, and statesman, was born at Boston, in 



1706. His father was a tallow-chandler, and Ben- 
jamin was apprenticed to his elder brother, a printer 
and publisher of a Boston newspa])er. Here his 
natural love for reading was indulged, and the 
newspaper afforded an opportunity for the gratifi- 
cation of his literary inclinations. His brotiier be- 
ing imprisoned, and the paper sto()pe(l on n<'count 
of some offensive political articles, young Benjamin 
was made the ostensible editor, and his indentures 
canceled; and, after the release of his brother, he 
took advantage of this act to escape from what he 
considered too rigorous treatment. He therefore 
embarked seoretly for New York, and, finding no 
employment there, proceeded to Philadelphia, where 
he arrived on foot, with a penny roll in his hand 
and one dollar in his purse. Here he became a 
compositor, and, having attracted the notice of Sir 
William Keith, governor of Pennsylvania, he was 
induced by him to visit England, for the purpose of 
l)urchasing types to establish himself in business. 
Upon his arrival in London, he found himself de- 
ceived in his ])romised letters of recommendation 
from Governor Keith, and was again obliged to go to 
work as a compositor. Here he became a convert 
to deistical opinions. In 1726 he returned to Phil- 
adelphia, where he soon commenced business as a 
printer. In 1728 he e.stablished a newspaper, and 
in 1732 |)ublislied "Poor Richard's Almanac," noted 
i'ov its wise maxims of industry and economy. He 
was afterward made postmaster of Philadelphia. 
Some time afterward he commenced his electrical 
exi)eriments, and discovered tlie identity of the 
^ electric fire and lightning, and applied his knowl- 
} edge to the invention of iron conductors, to protect 
) buildings from its evil effects. In 1747 he was 
^ chosen a member of the General Assembly, and, 
) through his influence, a militia bill was passed, and 
\ Franklin was appointed colonel of the Philadelphia 
^ regiment. In 1757 he was sent to England as 
agent for Pennsylvania, and was honored by being 
chosen Fellow of the Royal Society, and by the de- 
gree of LL. D. from the universities of St. An- 
drew's, Edinburgh, and Oxford. He returned to 
America, and, two years later, again visited Eng- 
land in the same capacity of agent, and was there 
examined by the House of Commons concerning the 
Stamp Act. In 1775 he returned home, and was 
chosen a delegate to Congress. He took a promi- 



BIOGRAnilCAL SKETCHES. 



91 



iieiit part in the Revolution, ami was sent to Fraiiee 
to negt)tiate a treaty, wliicli caused a war between 
that country and England. In 1783 he signed t!ie 
treaty of peace, returned to xVnierica in 1785, was 
chosen president of the Supreme Council of Penn- 
sylvania, and, in 1787, was a delegate to the conven- 
tion which formed the Constitution of the United 
States. He died in 1790, leaving numerous scien- 
tific, philosoidiical, and political works. 

P'ULTON, Robert, a celebrated American engi- 
neer, and a native of Pennsylvania. He went to 
England, and studied painting under his distin- 
guished countryman. West, and made ])ainting his 
chief emplcyment for some time. He afterward 
adopted the profession of a civil engineer. In 17D6 
he published a treatise on " Inland Navigation," 
went to Paris in 1797, and remained there for seven 
years, closely applying himself to study. There, 
in 1800, he projected the first panorama ever ex- 
hibited, and matured tlie plan for his submarine 
boat, or tor[)edo. Returning to America in 1806, 
he in 1807, in conjunction with Mr. Livingston, 
built the first steamboat, which navigated the Hud- 
son at the rate of five miles an hour. He after- 
ward built two steam ferry-boats for crossing the 
Hudson, and obtained a patent for a submarine 
battery. In 1814 tlie United States government 
api)ropriated $320,000 for constructing a steam ves- 
sel of war, and appointed him the engineer. In 
about four months it was launched, and christened 
"Fulton the First.'' He was employed in improv- 
ing his submarine boat, when he died suddeidy in 
1815. He was the first who applied water-wheels 
to the purpose of steam navigation; but, though 
he claimed the invention, he certaiidy was not the 
real inventor, that credit being due to Jolm Fitch. 

GAGE, Thomas, the last governor of Massachu- 
setts appointed V)y England, first came to America 
a.s a lieutenant under Braddock, and was present 
when that general received his mortal wound. He 
was governor of Montreal in 1760. and in 1763 suc- 
ceeded General Amherst as commander-in-chief of 
the British forces in America. In 1774 he became 
governor of Massachusetts, and soon commenced 
that series of oppi-essive and unjust acts which 
ha-stened the Revolution. It was by his order that 



the detachment was .sent to Ctmcord, for the pur- 
pose of seizing the military stores, which encoun- 
tered the Americans at Lexington, and thus com- 
menced the Revolutionary war. In 1775 the i)ro- 
vincial Congress declared him an enemy to the 
colony, and, returning to England soon after, he 
died there in 1787. 

GAINES, Ei)mt;ni) P., a general of the Araericnn 
army, was born in Virginia in 1777, joined the 
army in 1799, and for twelve years was engaged in 
frontier duty ; and, in the performance of his func- 
tions, was instrumental in the arrest of Colonel 
Burr. He was active in the war of 1812, and was 
promoted from one degree to another until he 
reached the rank of major-general. The govern- 
ment honored him with a vote of thanks, and 
authorized the President to present him Avith a 
gold medal, while the States of New York, Vir- 
ginia, and Tennessee each awai'ded him resolutions 
of thanks, together with a gold-hilted sword. He 
was afterward engaged in the Creek war, under 
Jackson, and for a time in the Seminole war. At 
the commencement of the Mexican war he called 
out a large number of the southern militia, without 
awaiting orders from "Washington, for which he 
was tried by a court-martial, but not censured. 
He died in New Orleans, June 6, 1849. 

GATES, Horatio, a major-general during the 
Revolution, Avas born in England, served in the 
British army during the old French war, and at its 
conclusion i)urchased an estate in Virginia, where 
he resided until the connnencement of the Revolu- 
tion, when Congress a])[)ointed him .adjutant-gen- 
eral. He captured I?urgoyne at Saratoga, for wliicli 
signal service he was tendered a vote of thanks, 
besides receiving a gold medal from tne President. 
He was, however, unfortunate in his southern cam- 
paign, being defeated by Cornwallis at Camden. 
He was superseded by General Greene, but was 
afterward restored to his connnand. He died in 
1806. 

GILBERT, Sir IIi;MrnRET, an .able navigator, was 
a native of England; followed tlie military profes- 
sion, and was knighted for his services. He took 
possession of Newfoundland, in the name of Queen 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Elizabeth, but was unable to form a colony. On 
his return from Newfoundland, in 1584, his ship 
foundered, and every soul on board perished. 

GOSNOLD, Baktiiolomew, a daring English 
mariner, sailed from Falmouth for America in 1002. 
He was the first Englishman who came directly 
across the ocean, without taking the West Indies 
in liis course. He discovered a cape, which, from 
the great number yf C(jd lie caught there, he named 
Cape Cod. He soon afterward saw and named the 
island called Martha's Vineyard, now supposed to 
be the smaller island called No Man's Land. He' 
resided three weeks on the most western of the 
Elizabeth islands, where he built a fort and store- 
liouse. His provisions not being sutRcieiit, he aban- 
doned the idea of making a settlenK-nt, and re- 
turned home. The cellar of his storehouse was 
discovered by Dr. Belknap, in 1797. After his 
return to England, lie embarked for Virginia, 
where he was a member of the council, and died in 
1607. 

GPt ASSE, Fraxqois Joseph Patjl, Corxr de, was 
^born in 1723, and, in the war between England 
and America, was tlie ally of the Americans. His 
great abilities and zeal in our behalf gained hhn 
universal contidence, and the co-operative measures 
concerted between Generals Washington, Rocham- 
beau, and himself, resulted in the defeat of Corn- 
wallis, and virtually concluded the war. Congress 
rendered him a vote of thanks for his great services, 
and also presented him with four pieces of cannon, 
taken from the British at Yorktown, "in testimony 
of the inestinuible services rendered by him on that 
day." He died in 1788. 

GREENE, Nathaniel, a major-general during 
the Revolution. His parents were Quakers, and he 
obeyed the tenets of their religion until the battle 
of Lexington, when he joined the army, witii the 
title of brigadier-general. He was appointed major- 
general in 1776, and oi)tained great di>tinction at 
Trenton and Princeton. In 1780 he was appointed 
to the command of the soutliern department, where, 
although he won the battle of Cowpens, he met 
with a succession of misfortnner;. After several 
defeats, he was obliged to retreat to the extremity 



of the State, but he was still firmly resolved tcv 
recover South Carolina; and, waiting his opportu- 
nity, finally won the highest distinction at the bat- 
tle of Eutaw Springs ; for which service he was 
presented with a gold medal, and a British stand- 
ard. He struggled with great difficulties, on ac- 
count of the want of supplies for his troops, and 
his firmness and decision alone prevented a nmtiny 
among them. He died in 1786. 

HAMILTON, Alexander, first Secretary of the 
Treasury of the United States, was born in 1757. 
He entered the American army at an early age, 
and, by the time he was twenty, Washington had 
made him his aid-de-camp, with the rank of lieu- 
tenant-colonel. From this time he was the insejja- 
rable companion of Washington, and was always 
consulted by him on important matters. After the 
war he became a lawyer, was elected to Congress, 
and in 1789 was appointed Secretary of the Treas- 
ury ; and, during his continuance in office, raised 
the public credit from the lowest depths of depres- 
sion to an unprecedented height. On the death of 
Washington he succeeded to the chief command of 
the army, and, when it was disbanded, returned to 
the study of law, continually increasing in reituta- 
tion, until 1804, when he was challenged by Colonel 
Burr, and fell mortally wounded at the first fire. 
His name has always been held in the greatest 
esteem, while that of Burr is justly execrated. 

HANCOCK, John, was born in 1737, and was 
distinguished for his zeal in the cause of America. 
In 1774 he was president of the Provincial Congress 
t)f Massachusetts, and took so prominent a part 
against the injustice of Great Britain that General 
Gage, in his proclamation oftering pardon to all 
rebels who would return to their allegiance, except- 
ed John Hancock and Samuel Adams ; considering 
their otfences so great as to merit capital punish- 
ment. He was then ]>resident of the Continental 
Congress, and, in that capacity, was the first to 
sign the Declaration of Independence. He was 
afterward governor of Massachusetts, and died in 
1793, noted, not only for his intlexible patriotism, 
but for his generous munificence and hospitality. 

HARRISON, William IIenut, the ninth Presi- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



o;3 



ident of the United States, was born in Virginia, in 
1773, and abandoned tlie medical profession to ji)iu 
the army in its contests with tlie Indians on the 
northwestern frontier. In 1811 he gained the 
celebrated victory of Tippecanoe ; and, during the 
war with Great Britain, was appointed commander 
of the nortiiwestern army of tlie United States. 
He was afterward a member of Congress, and min- 
ister to the republic of Columbia. On his return, 
he quietly retired to liis residence near Cincinnati, 
where he lived until 1840, when he was elected 
President. His death occurred but one month after 
his inauguration, and caused a profound sensation 
of regret throughout the country. 

HARVARD, John, was a Nonconformist divine, 
who came from England to America, and died at 
Charleston in lfi38, soon after his arrival. He is 
deserving of commemoration as the founder of 
Harvard College. 

HEXRY, Pathick, governor of Virginia, was born 
in 1736, and took a most decided stand against the 
tyranny of Great Britain. When a member of the 
Assembly of Virginia, he was the first to commence 
an opposition to the measures of the English gov- 
ernment. He distinguished himself, when a dele- 
gate to the Congress of 1774, by his boldness and 
elo(iuence. In 1776 he was appointed first governor 
of Virginia; and in 1778, while a member of the 
convention which met in Virginia to consider the 
Constitution of the United States, he strenuously 
opposed its adoption. He afterward declined the 
office of Secretary of State, and died in 1799. His 
name will always be esteemed as that of one of the 
greatest orators and most distinguished patriots of 
our country. 

HOWE, Lord Richakd, a celebrated English 
admiral, born in 1725. During the Revolutionary 
war he had the command of vessels on the Ameri- 
can coast, and acteil in opposition to the French 
admiral D'Estaing. In 1782 he eftected the relief 
of Gibraltar, in spite of the combined fleets of 
Fi-ance and Spain. He was afterward made first 
lord of the admiralty, and, in 1794, obtained a most 
decisive and im|i()rf;iiit victory over the French 
fleet. He died in 1799. 



HOWE, SiK William, General, brother of the 
preceding, and the successor of General Gage in 
command of the British forces in America, arrived 
in 1775, accomi)anied by Burgoyne. He command- 
ed at Bunker Hill, evacuated Boston in the follow- 
ing spring, and took possession of New York in 
September, 1776, having defeated the Americans 
on Long Island. He entered Philadeli)hia in 1777, 
and defeated the Americans at Germantown soon 
afterward. In 1778 he was succeeded by Clinton, 
and died in 1814. 

HOWE, RoBEKT, major-general in the American 
Revolutionary war, was born in North Carolina 
about 1732. AUhougii connected with the noble 
family of Howe in England, whom he visited in 
early life, his attachment to his country was una- 
bated, and, at the commencement of the Revolution, 
he joined the Americans with great zeal. He was 
commander of the southern department, but labored 
under many and severe disadvantages, which ren- 
dered nearly all liis efforts unsuccessful. He was 
succeeded in conunand by General Lincoln, but was 
afterward intrusted by Washington with various 
important offices, and won distinction in several 
actions. He died in 1785. 

HUDSON, Henky, an eminent navigator, who, 
after making three vtn'ages to find a nortlieast or 
northwest passage to China, in the second of which 
he discovered the noble river Hudson, saile<l again 
for the fourth time, and, proceeding westward, 
reached the strait called after him, tiirougli wliich 
he advanced until it led him to the vast bay which 
also bears his name. Here, the supply of pro- 
visions having failed, his sailors became mutinous, 
and set him adrift, together with his son and seven 
infirm sailors, in 1610. The little company was 
never again heard of. 

HULL, William, General, was an officer in the 
American Revolution. At the commencement of 
the war of 1812, he was appointed to tiie conunand 
of the northwestern army, and surrendered at De- 
troit to the British general, Brock. A court-martial 
was ordered to try him on several charges, and, in 
1814, he was sentenced to be shot; but, on account 
of his Revolutionary services and his age, he was 



94 



MOXTEITII'S IIISTOnY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



recorainended to mercy, and the President remitted 
the execution of his sentence. It is but justice to 
add, tliat he was blamed far more than he deserved, 
and that he was more unfortunate than guilty. He 
died in 1825. 

IIUTCIIINSON', Ann, a woman who caused 
much trouble during the early settlement of New 
England, by pretending to enjoy immediate revela- 
tions, and thereby arousing a strong, but pernicious, 
religious enthusiasm. She caused great dis-sensions 
among the churches, and, in 1637, her errors were 
condemned by an ecclesiastical synod. She was 
soon after banished from the colony, and, in 1643, 
she and the most of her family, were captured and 
killed by the Indians. 

JACKSON, Andkew, the seventh President of 
the United States, was born in South Carolina, in 
1767. At an early age he took part in the struggle 
for liberty, after which he studied law, and was 
subsequently appointed to some high legal offices in 
Tennessee. At the commencement of the war of 
1812, he entered vigorously into measures of resist- 
ance and defense; in 1814 he was appointed major- 
general; and in 1815, at New Orleans, achieved 
that signal victory over the British forces which 
raised him to the very highest point of popularity, 
and which has ever since been annually commemo- 
rated. He was successful in prosecuting the Semi- 
nole war, and gained, by his bravery and eminent 
services, sucli golden opinions with his countrymen 
that he was twice elected President. He was noted 
for his great firnmess and decision of character, 
which enabled him to fully carry out his principles, 
notwithstanding the violent opposition which lie 
encountered, especially in financial matters. He 
died in 1845. 

JACKSON, Thomas J., see Appendix. 

JEFFERSON, Thomas, third President of the 
United States, was born in Virginia, in 1743. He 
was a member of Congress in 1775, and took a very 
decided part against British oppression. The Dec- 
laration of Independence was drawn up by him 
exclusivel}', although alterations and amendments 
were afterward made by others. He was governor 
of Virginia, minister to France, Secretary of State, 
Vice-president under John Adams, and finally Pres- 



ident for eight years. He then retired to private 
life, and died July 4th, 1826. He was an acute 
politician, remarkable for his eloquence and great 
persuasive powers. 

JONES, John Paul, a Scotchman, born in 1736. 
He settled in America, and, in 1775 obtained the 
conmiand of a shij), under Commodore Hopkins, 
and distinguished himself in several engagements, 
for which he received his commission as cai)tain of 
the marine. Being ordered to France, he conceived 
the design of effecting a descent on the northern 
coast of Great Britain, which he did at Whitehaven 
and on the estate of the Earl of Selkirk, in Scot- 
land. He next took the Drake, sloop-of-war, with 
which he sailed to Brest. In 1779, in a desperate 
engagement off Flamborough Head, he captured the 
British ship-of-war Serapis, of far superior force. 
The King of France presented him with a gold- 
hilted sword, and, on his return home, Congress 
voted him a gold medal. After the conclusion of 
the war, he was invited to join the Ri;ssian service, 
with the rank of rear-admiral ; but, after serving a 
short time in the Black Sea, he became dissatisfied, 
was calumniated at court, and received permission 
from tiie Empress to retire. He returned to Paris, 
where lie died in poverty, in 1792. 

KOSCIUSKO, TiiADDEUs, a Polish general and 
patriot, was a native of Lithuania. When the 
American colonies commenced the struggle for lib- 
erty he entered the army, and was made a colonel 
of engineers and aid-de-camp to Washington. He 
fortified the camp of General Gates, in the cam- 
paign against Burgoyne, and afterward erected the 
works at West Point. He was highly esteemed by 
botii American and French officers, and received 
tlie thanks of Congress for his services. At the 
close of the Revolution, he returned to Poland, and 
took a prominent part in the struggles of 1792 and 
1794. He was wounded and taken prisoner by the 
Russians, and kept in confinement until the death 
of the Empress Catharine, when he was liberated 
by the Emperor Paul, and loaded with honors. 
He revisited America in 1797, and died in Switzer- 
land, in 1817. The cadets at West Point raised an 
elegant monument to his memory, within the works 
which he erected. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



95 



LAFAYETTE, Gilbert Mottiek, Marquis de, 
was born in France, in 1757. Altliougli he was 
wealthy, of liigh rank, and liad powerful connections 
at court, he came, in 1777, to join the American 
army, and, soon after his arrival, was appointed 
major-general. He raised and equipped a body of 
men at his own expense; fought as a volunteer at 
the battle of Brandy wine; and, subsequently, at 
that of Monmouth ; and ctniunanded Washington's 
vanguard at the surrender of Lt)rd Cornwallis. At 
the restoration of peace he returned to France, and 
assisted in the revolution in that country, in the 
vain hope of obtaining liberty for his fellow-coun- 
trymen, Avithout plunging them into anarchy. Al- 
though he was, at first, very popular, yet such was 
the fickleness and ingratitude of the multitude that 
he was afterward burnt in ettigy, and accused of 
treason against the State; and, notwithstanding his 
devotion to the cause of liberty, he was obliged to 
become an exile, in order to preserve his life. He 
thus fell into the hands of the xVustrians, who im- 
I)risoned him at Olmutz, for five years, where he 
would undoubtedly have died, had it not been for 
the triumphs of Napoleon in Italy; when, at the 
special demand of the great conquert)i', he was re- 
leased. The rest of his life was by no means ex- 
empt from disappointment, and but very few of his 
enthusiastic hopes for the good of his beloved 
country were ever realized. He visited America 
in 1824, and was received with a perfect ovation 
from the whole country. He retired to domestic 
life, and died in 1834, universally regretted as one 
of the founders of our liberty. 

LAWRENCE, James, a distinguished naval com- 
mander, was a native of New Jersey. He accom- 
panied Decatur, in the Tripolitan war, in the dan- 
gerous exi>loit of destroying the frigate Philadelpliia, 
and remained several years in the Mediterranean. 
In 1813, wiiile cruising off the capes of the Dela- 
ware in the Hornet, he encountered the British 
brig Peacock, and captured it in fifteen minutes. 
He was afterward raised to the rank of post-caj)- 
tain, and intrusted with the command of the frigate 
Chesapeake. While in Boston Roads, nearly ready 
for sea, the British frigate Siianiion appeared off 
the harbor, making signals expressive of a chal- 
lenge. Captain Lawrence accejjted it, and put to 



sea, the Sliannoii bearing away until the Chesapeake 
hauled up and fired a gun. Soon after the action 
commenced Captain Lawrence was wounded ir. tlie 
leg, and soon received a mortal wound. Being 
carried below, he cried out to his men, "Don't give 
up tlie ship." After an actidu of eleven minutes, 
the Chesai)eake was captured. Captain Lawrence 
died shortly of his wounds, and was honorably 
buried at Halifax. The result of the action was 
what might have been anticipated, for the crew of 
tlie Chesa[>eake were almost in a state of mutiny, 
and Captain Lawrence took counsel of his courage, 
rather lliaii his prudence. 

LEE, Charles, a major-general in the American 
Revolutionary army, was a native of England, and 
entered tlie military profession at an early age. In 
1775 he received a commission from Congress, with 
the rank of major-genei"al, and in 1776 received tiie 
connnand of New York, and afterward that of the 
soutliern department, where he obtained merited 
distinction. In December, 1776, he was taken 
prisoner by the British, and retained until the sur- 
render of Burgoyne. Tlie battle of Monmouth ter- 
minated his military career, having acted during 
the engagement in a very disobedient and disre- 
spectful manner toward the connnander-in-cliief, 
tV)r which Washington reprimanded him severely. 
Enraged at the indignity which he imagined himself 
to have received, lie wrote to Washington, ciial- 
lenging him to a duel. For this, as well as disobe- 
dience to orders, and misbehavior before tiie enemy, 
he was cited before a court-martial, and suspended 
from holding any conunis.-.ion in the United States 
army for the space of one year. He retired to a 
hovel in Virginia, where he lived in entire seclu- 
sion, suri'ounded by his books and dogs. He died 
at Pliiladelphia, in 1782. 

LEE, IIexky, governor of Virginia, and a distin- 
guished orticer in the Revolution, was born in 1756. 
At the battle of Gerniantown, Lee, with his com- 
pany, formed Washington's body-guard. He was 
afterward sent to the South, where he remained, 
under General Greene, until the close of the war, 
distinguisliing himself at the battles of Guilford and 
Eutaw Springs. lie was afterward a member of 
Congress, andgovernor of Virginia. Hediediu 1818. 



96 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 



LEE, Richard Henry, an eminent American 
patriot, was born in 1732. He had the lienor of 
originating the first resistance to Britisli o|)[)res- 
sion, at tlie enaction of tlie Stamp Act, in 1765; 
was a member of the lirst Congress, in 1774; and 
in June, 1776, he introduced tiie resoUition declar- 
ing the colonies free and independent States, and 
supported it by a most brilliant si)eecli. The second 
eloquent address to the [)eop]e of Great Britain was 
drawn up by him as ciiairman of the comnnttee. 
He was afterward president of Congress, a member 
of the Virginia Assembly, and of the convention 
which adopted the present Constitution ; and one 
of the first senators under it. He retired to private 
life, and died in 1794. 

LINCOLN, Abraham, see Appendix. 

LINCOLN, Benjamin, an eminent American 
Revolutionary general, was born in Massaciiusetts, 
and in 1775 was made lieutenant-colonel of militia. 
At General Washington's recommendation, he was 
appointed major-general in the continental army. 
In 1777 Lincoln was dispatched to the northern 
army, under Gates, to assist in opposing Burgoyne. 
Having been seriously wounded in the leg, he was 
conveyed to his residence at Hingham, but soon 
after was appointed by Congress to conduct the 
war in the South. The British general, Prevost, 
having fortified himself in Savannah, an expedition 
was planned against tiiat city, in conjunction witii 
the fleet under Count D'Estuing. Tiie attack was 
bold but unfortunate, and General Lincoln returned 
to Charleston, where he importuned Congress in 
vain for proper means of defen^e; and was obliged, 
after enduring a constant cannonade of a moutli, to 
capitulate to Sir Henry Clinton, whose foi'ces were 
far superior to his own. This unfortunate atfair 
did not, however, affect his reputation among 
his countrymen. In 1781, Lincoln performed a 
vei-y efficient part at Yorktown, and to him was 
allotted the duty of receiving the submission, 
and directing the distribution of the conquered 
troops. He was afterward made Secretary of 
War, Lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, and 
collector of the port of Boston. He died in 1810. 

LIVINGSTON, Philip, a signer of the Declara- 
tion, and eminent patriot. He was eminent among 
the merchants of New York, and, by his superior 



abilities and education, was soon at their head. In 
the Legislature, at Albanj-, he directed attention to 
the great interests of commerce, New York then 
being behind Philadelphia in her exports and im- 
ports. He was a member of Congress in 1776, and 
not only signed, but strenuou>ly advocated the 
Declaration of Independence. He was a member 
of the Senate of New York, and was elected to 
Congress under tlie new State constitution. He 
died in 1778. 

LIVINGSTON, Robert R., chancellor of the 
State of New York, studied law, and was ajjpoiiited 
recorder of the city, whicii office he resigned at 
the commencement of the Revolution. He was a 
member of Congress in 1776, and was on tiie com- 
mittee to draw up tlie Declaration. He was a]i- 
[lointed Secretary for Foreign Affairs in 1781, and 
matters at home were also partly submitted to him. 
On his resignation, in 1783, he received the thanks 
of Congress. He was afterward minister-plenipo- 
tentiary to France, and, assisted by Mr. Monroe, 
purcliased Louisiana for $15,000,000. He resigned 
his office, and traveled through Europe, returning 
to America in 1805. He was instrumental in the 
introduction of >team-navigation into the United 
States, tlirough his intimacy with Robert Fulton, 
whom he assisted by his advice and money. He 
also introduced the merino sheep, and the use of 
gypsum. He died in 1813. 

LIVINGSTON, Edward, amosteminent lawyer, 
liorn in 1764. lie removed to Louisiana, shortly 
after the i)urciia>e of that State, and was there ap- 
pointed to revise the whole system of jurisprudence. 
Tills he did in such a manner as gained him an 
exalted reputation, not only in America, but in 
Eui'ope. He was afterward Secretary of State and 
minister to France. He died in 1836. 

MACDONOLGH, Thomas, Commodore, was a 
native of Delaware, and served as a midshipman in 
tlie American fleet sent to the Mediterranean. In 
1814 he obtained a splendid victory over the British, 
on Lake Ciiamplain, for which service the State of 
Xew York gave him 1000 acres of land on the 
bay in whicli the battle was fought. He died in 
1825. 



B I c; li .\ r 1 1 1 A L S K e t c ii e s . 



97 



MACOMB, Alexander, a inaJDr-goneral in the 
United States army, was born in 1782. During the 
war of 1812 lie was appointed colonel, and distin- 
guished himself at Niagara and Fort George. He 
was made brigadier-general in 1814, and command- 
ed at the battle of Plattsbiirg, where he obta'ned a 
signal victory, in connection with Macdonough. 
Tliis great service won him tlie title of major- 
general, and the universal applause of the country. 
In 1835 he succeeded to the office of commander- 
in-chief of the army, which he retained until his 
death, in 1841. 

MADISON, .James, fourth President of the Uni- 
ted States, was born in Virginia, in 1751, and 
studied law in his native State. In 1776 he was a 
member of the convention which framed the con- 
stitution of Virginia; was a delegate to the Con- 
tinental Congress in 1780; and afterward to the 
convention which formed the Constitution of the 
United States, in which lie took an important part. 
He remained in Congress until the close of Wash- 
ington's administration, and, on Jefferson's acces- 
sion to the Presidency, was a|)pointed Secretary of 
State, which office he held eight years, when he 
was elected President. The declaration of war 
against Great Britain, in 1812, was the most im- 
portant measure of his administration. After serv- 
ing two terms, he retired to his residence at Mont- 
pelier, and died in 1836. 

MARION, FiJAXcis, a distinguished officer in the 
Revolutionary war, was a native of South Carolina. 
At the commencement of the war between the 
colonies and England, he commanded a company 
in his native State. In 1776 he co-oi)erated bravely 
at the siege of Fort Moultrie, and acted as lieuten- 
ant-colonel commandant of a regiment at the siege 
of Charleston. lie was afterward brigadier-general 
of the militia of South Caroliiui, and was an inde- 
fatigable partisan. Many characteristic anecdotes 
are related of his exploits in this capacity ; and, be- 
sides his distinction in partisan warfare, he acquired 
great reputation in besieging the cajjtured posts held 
by the enemy. At Georgetown, Fort Watson, Fort 
Mosto, Granby, Parker's Ferry, and Eiitaw, he 
highly distinguishe<l himself. lie died in 1795, 
leaving a high personal, as well as military character. 



MERCER, IIuGH, Brigadier-general, was a native 
of Scotland, emigrated to America, and settled in 
Virginia. He served with Washington in the war 
against the French and Indians, and was held by 
liim in high esteem. He was with Hraddock in 
1755, was wounded in thenction at FortDu Quesne, 
anil narrowly escaped being taken prisoner by the 
Indians. He tiien traveled alone through a wilder- 
ness one hundred miles in extent, when he arrived 
at Fort Cuml)erland. At the commencement of the 
Revdiution he abandoned his extensive medical 
practice, and entered the army. He was distin- 
guished at the battle of Trenton, and at Princeton 
commanded the van of the Americans. While 
exerting himself to the utmost, his horse was killed 
under him, and some British soldiers instantly 
surrounded iiim, refusing him (juarter, stalming him 
with their bayonets, and beating his head with tiie 
but-end of their muskets, until they left him for 
dead. He lingered, however, about a fortnight, and 
died January 19th, 1777. 

MIFFLIN, Thomas, a Revolutionary patriot, was 
born in 1744. He was a member of the first Con- 
gress, and, when the news of the battle of Lexing- 
ton arrived, he roused his fellow-citizens to take 
up arms, and repaired to Boston, with the rank of 
major, where he was distinguished for his coolness 
and bravery. He was afterward appointed quarter- 
master-general, subse(piently brigadier-general, and 
mnjor-general. In 1783 he was elected to Con-, 
gress, and presided over that body; in 1788, suc- 
ceeded Franklin as president of the Su])reme Exec- 
utive Council of Pennsylvania; and was afterward 
governor of the State. He commanded the troops 
during the Wliisky Insurrection, and died January 
21st, 1800. 

MONROE, James, fifth President of the United 
States, was born in Virginia, in 1759, entered the 
Revolutionary army in 1776, was at the battles of 
Harlem Heights, White Plains, and Trenton; at 
Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth, as aid 
to Lord Stirling. After being a member of tlie 
Assembly nf Virginia, he was elected to Congress 
in 1788; in 1790, was chosen semitor ; in 1794, 
went as miiiisrer-plenipotentiary to France; and in 
1799 was appointed governor of Virginia. In 1803 



98 



MONTEITirS HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 



he was appointed minister-extraordinary to France, 
in the same year minister to London, and, in the 
next, minister to Spain. In 1811 he was made 
Secretary of State, and continued in that office 
until 1817, when he was elected President; and in 
1821 was re-elected almost unanimously. He died 
July 4th, 1831. 

MONTGOMERY, Eichaud, a native of Ireland, 
who settled in the State of New York previous to 
the Revolution. He had served under Wolfe at the 
taking of Quehec, and had earned a deservedly 
high military reputation. Taking a decided part 
with the colonies against the mother-country, he 
was, in 1775, appointed to the command of the 
northern department of the continental army, in 
conjunction with General Schuyler, who was com- 
pelled by sickness to remain inactive, so tha-t the 
whole command devolved upon Montgomery. He 
captured Fort Chambly, St. Jolin's, and Mon- 
treal, and proceeded to besiege Quebec. The siege 
commenced in December, and, on the last day of 
the month, he attempted to carry the place by 
storm, but, in the attempt, he and two of his aids 
were killed, and the enterprize, of course, aban- 
doned. A monument was erected to his memory 
in front of St. Paul's Church, New York; and in 
1818 his remains were brought from Canada and 
deposited there, with the highest honors. 

MORGAN, Daniel, a distinguished officer in the 
American Revolution, was a native of New Jersey. 
He was a private soldier in Braddock's expedition, 
and, at the commencement of the Revolution, was 
appointed to the command of a troop of horse, and 
joined the army under Washington. He distin- 
guished himself greatly in the expedition against 
Quebec, was taken captive, and retained until the 
exchange of prisoners. He was afterward sent to 
assist Gates in the capture of Burgoyne, and de- 
feated Tarleton at the battle of Oowpens. He 
commanded the militia of Virginia in the suppres- 
sion of the Pennsylvania Whisky Insurrection; 
was elected to Congress, and died in 1802. 

MORRIS, Robert, a celebrated financier, was a 
native of England, came to America at an early 
age, and subsequently established himself as a mer- 



chant, in Philadelphia. In 1775 he was a delegate 
to Congress, and signed the Declaration in 1776. 
In 1781 he obtained the control of the public 
finances, and rendered incalculable service by de- 
voting liis entire wealth to his country's service, at 
a time when its fortunes were at the lowest ebb. 
He was afterward a senator in Congress. In his 
old age he lost his large fortune by unfortunate 
speculations ; and, to the lasting shame of the coun- 
try who owed its liberty in part to his exertions, 
he was permitted to spend his last years in impris- 
onment for debt. He died in 1806. 

MOULTRIE, William, a major-general in the 
Revolutionary army, was born in England, but 
emigrated to South Carolina at an early age. He 
served with distinction in the Cherokee war, and, 
at the beginning of the Revolution, was a member 
of the Provincial Congress, and colonel of a regi- 
ment. For his brave defense of Sullivan's Island 
he received the thanks of Congress, and the fort 
was afterward called by his name. In 1779 he 
defeated the British at Beaufort; was afterward 
appointed major-general, and was second in com- 
mand to General Lincoln at the siege of Charleston. 
After the close of the war he was repeatedly chosen 
governor of South Carolina. He died in 1805. 

OGLETHORPE, James, an Englishman, who was 
appointed trustee of the colony of Georgia in 1732. 
He founded the town of Savannah, negotiated 
treaties with the Indians, and in 1742 successfully 
defended the infant colony from a powerful force 
sent against it by Spain. He died in 1785. 

PENN, William, the founder and legislator of 
Pennsylvania, was born in London, in 1644. Hav- 
ing imbibed the principles of Quakerism, he began 
to preach in public, and to write in defense of the 
doctrines which he had embraced. For this he 
was thrice imprisoned, and once brought to trial. 
In 1677 he visited Holland and Germany to propa- 
gate Quakerism. Soon after his return to England, 
Charles II. gi-anted him that territory now called 
Pennsylvania, in consideration of the services of 
his fatlier. Admiral Penn, and for a debt due to 
him from the crown. In 1682 he embarked for 
America, and, during the next year founded Phila- 



r> I O G 11 AT II I C AL S K E TC II E S. 



99 



delphia. His principles were those of religious 
toleration, justice, and kindness, especially toward 
tlie Indians, who regarded him witli reverent affec- 
tion, lie returned to England in 1684, but visited 
his province again in 1699, remaining there until 
1701. He died in 1718. His character was most 
exemplary ; and he was regarded, both by the col- 
onists and natives, in the liglit of a kind and judi- 
cious parent. 

PERRY, Oliver Hazard, an eminent American 
naval officer, was born in Rhode Island, in 1785. 
He entered the navy as midshipman in 1798, and 
served in the Mediterranean during the war with 
Tripoli ; and was only prevented by his extreme 
youth from even then acquiring renown. In the 
war of 1812 he achieved a splendid victory over a 
superior British force on Lake Erie, which exploit 
has secured his name a permanent place in the 
liistory of his country. For this great service he 
was raised to the rank of captain. He commanded 
the Java in the expedition to the Mediterranean, 
under Commodore Decatur. He afterward sailed 
to the West Indies, where he died of yellow fever, 
in 1820. 

PHILIP, the sachem of Pokanoket, known as 
King Philip, conceived a terrible plan for the utter 
extermination of the whites in 1675. The Indians 
throughout the whole colonies were prepared to 
take sudden and complete vengeance on the usurp- 
ers of their rights, but the whites fortunately re- 
ceived intimation of the intended attack. The war, 
however, began, and the colonists suffered much 
from the ferocity of the savages until 1676, when 
Philip was killed by a party commanded by Cap- 
tain Church. 

PITT, William, Earl of Chatham, a celebrated 
English statesman, whose fame is unsurpassed in 
the annals of eloquence. He strenuously opposed 
tlie oppressive measures of Great Britain toward 
her American colonies, and some of his finest 
speeches were made in our behalf. On one of these 
occasions, after the Duke of Richmond had replied 
to his arguments in favor of conciliation, he rose 
to answer his opponent, but his strength was inad- 
equate to the attempt, and he fell in a fit, in the 



arms of those around him. He died shortly after- 
ward, in May, 1778. 

PIZARRO, Francis, the conqueror of Peru, Avas 
born at Truxillo, in 1475. In 1524, in conjunction 
with Almagro, he discovered Peru, and obtained 
the government of the new country from Ciiarles 
V. He achieved tlie conquest of Peru by force and 
fraud, using means, and perpetrating atrocities, 
worse than barbarous. A contest having arisen 
between Pizarro and Almagro, the latter was de- 
feated and executed; but his death was revenged 
by his son and friends, who assassinated Pizarro in 
his palace at Lima, in 1541. 

POCAHONTAS, daughter of tlie Indian cliief, 
Powhatan. She is greatly celebrated in tlie early 
history of Virginia as having saved the life of Cap- 
tain John Smith, when about to be put to death, at 
the risk of her own. She rendered the whites 
great service, by disclosing the plots of the savages, 
and protecting them from the effects of her father's 
animosity. She afterward married John Rolfe, an 
Englishman, who took her with him to England, 
where her society was sought after by those of the 
highest rank. She died at Gravesend, when about 
to return to Virginia, at the early age of 22, leav- 
ing one son, many of whose descendants stili reside 
in Virginia. 

POLK, James Knox, eleventh President of the 
United States, was born in North Carolina, in 1795. 
He was a member of the bar in Tennessee, and 
soon took a high rank among his colleagues. In 
1825 he was chosen to Congress; was afterward 
governor of Tennessee; and in 1844 was elected 
President. During his administration Texas was 
annexed, and the war with Mexico successfully 
terminated. He died soon after tha close of the 
Presidential term, in 1849. 

POWHATAN, a famous Indian sachem of Vir- 
ginia, noted for his artful policy. He was averse 
to the English until the marriage of his daughter 
Pocahontas to John Rolfe, after which lie remained 
faithful to them. He died in 1618. 

PREBLE, Edward, a distinguished American 



100 



MONTEITirS HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



naval officer, was born in 1761, and entered tlie 
navy as inidsliipraan in 1779. During the Revo- 
lution lie captured a British vessel at Peiioliscot. 
In 1803 he commanded a fleet sent against the 
Barbary powers, and settled the difficulties witli 
them on the most favorable terms. He died in 
1807. 

PULASKI, Count, a celebrated soldier, was a 
native of Poland, and made brave, though fruitless, 
efforts to restore his country to independence. He 
came to the United States during tlie Revolution, 
was appointed brigadier-general, and was mortally 
wounded at the attack on Savannah, in 1779. Con- 
gress voted to erect a monument to his memory. 

PUTNAM, Israel, an officer in the American 
Revolution, was born in Massachusetts, in 1718. 
He was a farmer in Connecticut, and afterward 
engaged in tlie French war, in which lie was taken 
prisoner, and suft'ered terrible tortures. At the 
commencement of the Revolution he joined the 
army, was appointed major-general, and distin- 
guished himself at Bunker Hill. He held an im- 
portant command during the whole war, and was 
noted for his great firmness and indnmitabie will. 
His last military service was that of superintending 
the erection of the works at West Point, by the 
direction of Washington. He was afflicted with a 
paralytic stroke in 1779, which destroyed his activ- 
ity, and compelled him to pass the remainder of his 
life in retirement. He died in 1790. 

RALEIGH, Sir Walter, an illustrious English 
navigator and historian, was born in Devonsliire, 
in 1552. He discovered Virginia, which he named 
for his virgin queen, Elizabeth. He defeated the 
S[)anish Armada, and lived in prosperity until the 
death of the queen, when he was cruelly trt-ated 
by King James, unjustly accused of higii treason, 
tried, and condemnecT to die. Being reprieved, he 
was imprisoned in the Tower of London, and, duiing 
a long term of years, solaced himself by writing; 
and, among other works, composed liis " History 
of the World." He afterward received a commis- 
sion from the king to exidore the gold mines in 
Guiana, but the expedition was a failui'e, being 
defeated by the Spaniards. Raleigh returned to 



England, was received coldly, and, as no blame 
could be attached to his conduct in Guiana, he was 
arrested, and his execution ordered, on his former 
attainder; and he was finally beheaded in 1618. 
His wliole life was one of service to his country, 
and his treatment by the king was most grossly 
unjust and cruel. 

ROCHAMBEAU, Jean Baptiste Donatien i>e 
ViMECR, Count de, marshal of France, was born at 
Vendoine, in 1725, and entered the army in 1741. 
In 1780 he was sent, with 6000 men, to the assist- 
ance of the Americans. Having disembarked in 
Rhode Island, he acted in concert with Washing- 
ton, first against Clinton in New York, and then 
against Cornwallis, rendering important services at 
Yorktown, which were rewarded by his promotion 
to the rank of marshal. During Robespierre's 
reign of terror, he was arrested, and narrowly 
escaped death. He was afterward presented to 
Bonaparte, who granted him a pension and the 
cross of grand officer of the Legion of Honor. He 
died in 1807. 

SCHUYLER, Philip, major-general in the Amer- 
ican army, was appointed to that office in 1775, and 
sent to the fortifications in northern New York to 
]ire[)are for the invasion of Canada. He afterward 
fell under some unjust suspicion, and was super- 
seded in the chief command by General Gates. He 
was a member of Congress, and afterward twice a 
senator. He died in 1804. "*^ 

SCOTT, WiNFiELD, see Appendix. 

SHERMAN, Roger, a signer of the Declaration, 
was born in Massachusetts in 1721, received a com- 
mon-school education, and was apprenticed to a 
shoemaker. His love for learning would not allow 
him to rest content with his lowly station, and he 
applied himself to the study of law. He became 
Judge of the Superior Court, which office he held 
for twenty-three years. He was a member of the 
Congress of 1774, and remained in that body for 
nineteen years. He was a member of the conven- 
tion which formed, the Constitution of the United 
States, and was elected senator in 1791. He died 
in 1793. 

SMITH, John, one of the early settlers of Vir- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



101 



ginia, was born in Lincolnsliire, in 1579. After 
passing tlirougli a variety of wonderfnl adventures, 
he resolved to visit North America, and came to 
Virginia in 1607. Here ids life was saved by Po- 
cahontas, and lie afterward contributed greatly to 
the prosperity of the colony. He died in 1631 

STANDISn, Miles, the first military command- 
er at Plymouth, New England, accompanied Mr. 
Robinson's congregation to Plymontli in 1620. He 
was there chosen captain, and rendered most im- 
portant services in the conflicts with the Indians. 
His exploits were noted for tlieir daring, and his 
escapes were frequently almost miraculous. He 
died in 1656. 

STARK, John, a general in the American Revo- 
lution, was born in New Hampshire in 1728. He 
fought in the French war, and, immediately on tlie 
outbreak of the Revohition, joined tlie army at 
Cambridge. He was at tiie battles of Bunker Hill 
and Trenton, and achieved a splendid victory at 
Bennington. He rose to the rank of brigadier-gen- 
eral, and was distinguished for his enterprise and 
courage. He died in 1822. 

SULLIVAN, John, an officer in the American 
Revolution, was born in Maine. In 1775 he was 
made brigadier-general. The next year he was 
sent to Canada, and, on the death of General 
Thomas, tlie command of the army devolved on 
him. lie was promoted to the rank of major- 
general, and was soon after captured by the British, 
in the battle on Long Island. He commanded a 
division of the army at the battles of Trenton, 
Brandy wine, and Germantown ; and was the sole 
commander of an expedition to the island of New- 
port, which failed from want of co-operation from 
the French fleet. In 1779 he commanded an expe- 
dition against the Indians; was afterward a mem- 
ber of Congress, and for three years President of 
New Hampshire. At his death, in 1795, he was 
Judge of the District Court. 

TAYLOR, Zachary, twelfth President of the 
United States, was born in Virginia in 1784. He 
served in the war of 1812, and, for his bravery, 
was raised to the rank of major. He was after- 



ward engaged in the Indian war, both in Florida 
and Arkansas, and rose to the rank of general. 
During the war with Mexico lie was distinguished 
for his valor, as well as his ability, and gained the 
brilliant victories of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, 
Monterey, and Buena Vista. After the war he re- 
turned to liis residence at Baton Rouge ; was elect- 
ed President in 1848, and died suddenly, of cholera, 
in 1850. 

TECUMSEH, a renowned Indian warrior, born 
in Ohio about 1770. He was hostile to the whites, 
and, in 1806, matured a project of a confederacy 
of all the western Indians against the whites. The 
battle of Ti])pecanoe, in which General Harrison 
defeated the brother of Tecumseh, completely 
crushed the liopes of the brothers. During the 
last war with England, Tecumseh was an ally of the 
king, and held the rank of brigadier-general, com- 
manding about 2000 Indians. He was present at 
several engagements, and was eventually killed by 
Colonel Johnson, at the battle of Moravian Towns, 
October 5th, 1813. 

WARREN, Joseph, a major-general in the Amer- 
ican Revolution, was born in Roxbury, in 1740, 
and pursued the study of medicine. His ardent 
love of his country would not allow him to remaia 
quiet w'hile Great Britain was daily beccmiing more 
and more tyrannical, and he exerted himself greatly 
in the cause of liberty. He was made major-gen- 
eral four days before tlie battle of Bunker Hill, and 
was killed just at the commencement of the retreat. 
The glory of Bunker Hill is closely connected with 
the name of General Warren. 

WASHINGTON, Geohge, the founder of Amer- 
ican independence, was born in Virginia, where his 
father was possessed of great landed property, in 
1732. Great attention was paid to his education, 
especially in the .studies of mathematics and engi- 
neering. He was first employed by Governor Din- 
widdle, in 1753, to remonstrate with the French 
commander on the Ohio, for the infraction of the 
treaty between the two nations. He subsequently 
received the thanks of the British government for 
his honorable services in negotiating a treaty of 
amity with the Indians in the back settlements. In 



102 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



the unfortunate expedition under General Brad- 
dock, he served as aid-de-camp ; anc, after the 
defeat of the army, sliowed great militr.ry talent in 
conducting its retreat. He retired froca the service 
with the rank of colonel, and, while engaged in the 
peaceful pursuits of his liome at Mo';xl; Vernon, 
was elected senator in the national council for 
Frederick county, and afterward for Fairfax. At 
the commencement of the Revolution, he was 
selected to take the chief command of the provin- 
cial troops ; and, from the moment of entering 
upon this important office, he directed his whole 
energies to the accomplishment of one object, — the 
independence of his country. Tlie record of his 
services is the history of the whole war. He joined 
the army at Cambridge, in July, 1775. On the 
evacuation of Boston, in Marcli, 1776, he proceeded 
to Kew York. The battle of Long Island was 
fought August 27th, and that of White Plains, Oc- 
tober 28th. He crossed the Delaware December 
25th, and soon gained the victories of Trenton and 
Princeton. The battles of Brandywine, German- 
town, and Momiiouth, followed in 1777 and 1778; 
and in 1779 and 1780 he continued .n the vicinity 
of New York, and closed the miliLaiy operations 
of the vpar by the capture of Cornwallis, at York- 
town, in 1781. When the treaty of peace was 
signed, Washington resigned his office, and retired 
into private life, followed by the unbounded a])- 
plause of his country. His liigh character and 
services naturally entitled him to tlie noblest gift in 
the bestowal of the people ; and, on the organiza- 
tion of the government, he was chosen the first 
President of the country, wiiich owed its liberty to 
his exertions. It was a period of great difficulty 
and danger. The French envoy. Genet, had, by his 
intrigues, incited a spirit of rebellion among the 
factious, who were eager to join the French in their 
revolutionary struggles. Wasliington, by his pru- 
dence and firmness, subdued insurrection, and si- 
lenced discontent, until those who had been most 
eager in their wild enthusiasm, were convinced of 
their own imprudence, and their President's wis- 
dom. In 1795, Washington completed tlie business 
of his office by signing a commercial treaty with 
Great Britain, and then voluntarily resigned his 
office, at a moment when the whole country was 
united to again bestow the supreme executive power 



upon him. He again devoted himself to agricultu- 
ral pursuits, at his beloved Mount Vernon ; and, 
though he accepted the command of the army, in 
1798, it was merely to unite the affections of his 
fellow-citizens to the general good, and was one 
more sacrifice to his high sense of duty. He died, 
after a short illness, December 14th, 1799, and was 
followed to his grave by the filial sorrow and ven- 
eration of his country. History has no parallel to 
the character of Washington. Every virtue seemed 
to unite in forming his character, nnd never were 
l)atience, forbearance, and firmness, more called 
into exercise, or more gloriously disj)layed. He ex- 
hibits a rare example of a })olitician whose motives 
Avere always sincere, always what they seemed. 
Never has the world seen one whose inerits were 
so unanimously acknowledged by his countrymen, 
or who so united the power of goverung with 
mingled firmness and affection. His name stands 
alone, among all tlie great men of his age, hallowed 
by the well-earned title of the Father of his Coun- 
try. 

WAYNE, Anthony, was born in Pennsylvania, 
in 1746. He entered tlie army as colonel in 1775, 
served under Gates at Ticonderoga,, and was pro- 
moted to the rank of brigadier-general. He was 
engaged in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, 
and Monmouth, and in 1779 captured the fortress 
at Stony Point. In 1781 he Avas ordered to join 
Lafayette in Virginia, Avith the Pennsylvania forces ; 
and, having received information that Cornwallis 
had crossed the James River, with the main body 
of his army, he pressed forward with 800 men to 
attack his rear-guard, but, to his great astonishment, 
found the enemy, to the amount of 4000, drawn up 
to meet him. A retreat was impossible, and he 
resolved to make a violent attack, and, by some 
coup Ue main^ extricate himself from his perilous 
situation. Tlie ruse succeeded, and Cornwallis, 
supposing that Wayne's subseijuent retreat was in- 
tended tt) draw him into an ambuscade formed by 
Lafayette, did not follow in pursuit. He was after- 
Avard very successful in the Southern States. In 
1792 he succeeded St. Clair in command of the 
western army, and gained a complete victory over 
the Indians, at the Miamies, in 1794. He died in 
1796. 



BI O G R AT IT T C' A L S \' ETC TIES. 



103 



WEBSTER, Daxikl, LL. D., one of the eiuincnt 
statesmen of liis time, was born in New Hampshire 
in 1782. lie received a classical edncation at Dart- 
moutli College, and taught school during the inter- 
vals of study, to defray his college ex[)onses. lie 
afterward comraenced the study of law, and was ad- 
mitted to the bai" in 1805. In 1812 he was elected 
to Congress, and soon displayed those remarkable 
powers as an orator and statesman for which he 
became so distinguished. After being frequently 
re-elected to .Congress, and gaining a world-wide 
fame by his speeches and talents as a lawyer, he 
was ap[)ointed Secretary of State under General 
Harrison, in 1S40. He negotiated the Ashburton 
treaty in 1842, which settled the question of the 
northeastern boundary, and put an end to a long 
and threatening dispute with Great Britain. He 
soon after resigned his office, and was appointed 
senator from Massachusetts. On the accession of 
Mr. Fillmore to the Presidency, he was again made 
Secretary of State, and retained that office until his 
death. His orations are among the very brightest 
gems of modern elo(iuence, and his talents as a law- 
yer were second to none. He died at his residence 
at Marshfield, in 1852. 

"WILLIAMS, RoGEE, the founder of the Provi- 
dence Plantations, was born in Wales, in 1599. 
Being a dissenter, he came to America, hoping to 
enjoy religious freedom, in 1631, and preached un- 
til 1636 at Salem and Plymouth. At that time he 
was banished, on account of his religious opinions, 
and removed, with several others, to Rhode Island, 
where he laid the foundation of Providence, after 
honestly purchasing the ground from the Indians, 
whom he always treated with the greatest kindness. 
There he established the first society which enjoyed 
perfect liberty of conscience. For several years he 
was president of the colony. He died in 1683. 

WOLFE, James, an English general, born in 
Westerhaui, Kent, in the year 172C, was a sou of 



General Edward Wolfe. He was highly eminent 
for his bravery, coolness, and judgment, as well as 
for his success in disciplining his men, who reposed 
unbounded confidence in their able commander. 
In conjunction Avith General Amherst, he distin- 
guished himself in the siege and capture of Louis- 
burg, in 1758. In 1759, Pitt conferred upon him 
tlie command of the expedition to attack Quebec. 
Wolfe reached the Isle of Orleans, in the St. Law- 
rence, on the 26th of June, with a force of 80(M) 
troops, and a fleet of twenty-two ships of the line, 
under Admiral Saunders. Early on the morning of 
September 13th, W^olfe, with 5000 troojjs, ascended 
tlie heigiits, and was met by Montcalm, on the field 
of battle, just before noon. The battle was severe ; 
Wolfe was wounded in the wrist, soon after was 
struck by a second ball, and while still leading on 
his troops was struck by a third ball, in the breast, 
when he was carried to the rear of his array, and 
expired on the field. 

WORTH, William J., a major-general in the 
American army, was born in 1794. He served in 
the last war with Great Britain, and was in the 
battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane. After the 
peace, he was for some time superintendent of the 
academy at West Point. He subsequently served 
in the Florida war, and afterward obtained great 
distinction in the war with Mexico. He fought at 
Monterey, Molino del Rev, Cerro Gordo, Cherubus- 
co, and at the storming of the gates of Mexico. In 
courage he had no superior, and was, next to Scott 
and Taylor, tlie most popular general in the war. 
He died in Texas, in 1849. A splendid monument 
has been erected to his memory in the city of New 
York. 

YALE, ELinr, a native of New Haven, who ac- 
quired a large fortune in the East Indies, and made 
such munificent donations to the college of his na- 
tive town, as entitled him to the honor of having it 
called Yale College. He died in 1721. 



appe:n"dix* 



Buchanan, James, fifteenth President of the Uni- 
ted States, was born in Pennsylvania in 1791, grad- 
uated at Dickinson College at the age of eighteen, 
and was admitted to the bar when only twenty-one. 
In 1814 he was elected to the Pennsylvania Legis- 
lature, and afterwards served five terms in Congress. 
In 1831 he was sent as minister to Eussia, where he 
remained but two years. Upon his return he was 
elected U. S. Senator from Pennsylvania, which 
office he held for twelve years, when he became 
Secretary of State under President Polk. He re- 
mained in private life from the close of Mr. Polk's 
administration until the accession of Mr. Pierce, 
who sent him as minister to England, a post which 
he filled with dignity and credit. Eesigning his 
position in 1856, he returned home, and, in the en- 
suing November, was elected President. His term 
of office expired in 1861, when he returned to 
Wheatland, his country-home, near Lancaster, Pa., 
anl lived there quietly until his death, June 1, 1868. 

Douglas, Stephen Arnold, one of our most dis- 
tinguished American statesmen, was born in Ver- 
mont, in 1813. Finding himself unable .to obtain a 
ollege education, he learned the trade of cabinet- 
making, but his health became so impaired that he 
was obliged to quit his occupation. Turning to 
more congenial pursuits, he entered the Brandon 
Academy, and, while there, also studied law, which 
he had determined to adopt as his profession. De- 
ciding upon the West as the best place in which to 
make a fresh start, he went to Jacksonville, Illinois, 
where he was so successful that he was elected At- 
torney-General of the State when scarcely twenty- 
two. He resigned this office to become a member 
of the Legislature, in 1835, and, two years later, was 
appointed register of the land office at Springfield. 
In 1840, he was appointed Secretary of State for Illi- 
nois, and, in the following year, was elected Judge 
of the Supreme Court. In 1843 he was sent to Con- 
gress, where he remained until he was chosen Sena- 
tor in 1847, which position he held until his death. 
During the whole of his Congressional term, he was 



a firm advocate of a railroad across the continent to 
the Pacific. He was an unsuccessful candidate lor 
the Presidential nomination in 1852, and again in 
1856, but he received the nomination in 1860, when 
his opponents were Lincoln, Bell, and Breckinridge. 
The election was unfavorable to him, but he still dis- 
played the warmest interest in the affairs of the na- 
tion, whose prospects were, at that time, so gloomy- 
His death occurreJ in June, 1861, and almost his 
last words showed that his mind was even then oc- 
cupied with the troubles of his country. 

Lincoln, Abraham, sixteenth President of the 
United States, was born in Kentucky in 1809. His 
parents were too poor to afford him an education, 
but his mother taught him to read and write, and 
inspired him with a love of knowledge. In his 
eighth year, his father removed to Indiana, where 
the family lived in a log-cabin in the forest. At the 
age of nineteen he made a trip d )wn the Mississippi 
to New Orleans in a fiat-boat, and, two years later, 
removed with liis father to Illinois, where he la- 
bored hard, working on the farm and helping to 
build a rail-fence around it. In 1832 the Black 
Hawk war broke out, and Lincoln at once enlisted 
and was made captain. After the close of the war, 
having managed to obtain a knowledge of survey- 
ing, he became a government surveyor, and, in 
1834, was elected a member of the Illinois Legisla- 
ture. Determining to adopt the law as his profes- 
sion, he studied vsdth great energy, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1836. The following year he 
removed to Springfield, and there began to practice, 
soon winning for himself a good reputation, which 
continued steadily to increase. He was twice re- 
elected to the Legislature, and in 1846 was chosen 
as Whig Representative to Congress. He took a 
deep interest in politics, and was a warm supporter 
of Henry Clay, and, in 1848, was a member of the 
National Convention which nominated General Tay- 
lor for the Presidency. In 1849 he was defeated as 
a candidate for the United States Senate, and, in 
1854, when the Whig party in Illinois was divided 



APPENDIX. 105 

in its choice for Senator betAveen himself and Judge J 
Trumbull, lie generously withdrew from the can- ? 
vass, and, by his etlbrts, helped greatly to secure ,i 
Trumbull's eleccion. In 1856 he was a candidate , 
for the Vice-Presidency before the first Republican (, 
National Convention, but was unsuccessful, al- ^ 
tliough he received a number of votes. In 1858 ^ 
occurred the celebrated contest between himself and \ 

Judo-e Douglas, who was the Democratic candidate \ Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, the famous " Stone- 
for the United States Senatorship. Judge Douglas' ^ wall " Jackson of the Confederate army, was born in 
term of office had expired, and he had been re-uomi- ^ Virginia in 1824. He was brought up as a farmer 
nated, in opposition to Mr. Lincoln as the Republi- S until his eighteenth year, when he was appointed 
can candidate. Each aspirant canvassed the State \ cadet at West Pomt. He displayed no particular 
in liis own favor, and, finally, Mr. Lincoln challenged \ brilliancy in his studies, and was noted for his grave 
Judge Douglas to publicly debate with him on their '? and taciturn disposition. After graduating, in 1846, 
respective principles The challenge was accepted, ^ he was sent to Mexico, where he served under Gen- 
and the contest was spirited and equal, resulting, S erals Scott and Taylor, and, for bravery in action, 
however, in the re-election of Judge Douglas. In <, received the brevet rank of major. He resigned his 
1860, the Republican National Convention assem- '?^ commission in 1852, on account of his impaired 
bled at Chicago, and, for a time, the choice for the ; health, and became Professor of Mathematics in the 
Presidency wavered between Mr. Lincoln and Mr. S Military University of Virginia, which position he 
Seward. The former, however, was soon chosen, \ still occupied at the outbreak of the civil war. The 
and had for his opponents Breckinridge, Douglas, '; cause of secession was adopted by him with the en- 
and Bell, the two former being the candidates of the Jj thusiasm which was a part of his nature when called 
divided Democratic party, and the latter of the con- S upon to defend his peculiar ideas of right. He was 
servatives. The election resulted in Mr. Lincoln's < at first commissioned colonel, but soon afterwards 
favor, and he was inaugurated March 4, 1861. On ? received the rank of Brigadier-General, then Major- 
his way to Washington, he received information > General, and ultimately that of Lieutcnant-General. 
that a plot existed to assassinate him at Baltimore, S In the first battle of Bull Rim, he fought with such 
but he frustrated it by changing the time of his de- S tenacious energy that he was said to "stand like a 
I)arture from Harrisburg. In April, the war which c stone-wall," whence originated the familiar title by 
had been so long threatening, broke out openly in \ which he has since been known. He afterwards 
the attack on Fort Sumter, and continued during ^ took up his position at Winchester, where he re- 
the whole of Mr. Lincoln's first term of office. In S mained until the approach of General Banks, whose 
1865 he entered upon his second term, ha%ing been '^ forces he fiercely assailed on more than one occa'^ion, 
re-elected, and, the war having ceased, he antici- <; and finally forced the troops under Banks and Fre- 
pated with good reason a period of comparative } mont to withdraw entirely from Virginia in May, 
<iuiet. These hopes were never realized, for, on the ^ 1862. What was of still greater imijortance to the 
evening of the 14th of April, as he was sitting with 'c Confederates was Jackson's success in keeping Mo- 
llis family in his box at the theatre, an assassin, ) Dowell from forming a jimctiou witli McClellan 
stealing upon him from behind, shot him in the ^ against Richmond. In the same month, however, 
head, inflicting a wound which proved fatal in a s he was compelled by the armies of Fremont and 
few hours. Tlie remains were conveyed, with the ' Shields to beat a hasty retreat up the Shenandoah 
most imi^osing demonstration of respect and sor- ^ Valley. He continued to retreat until he reached 
row, from Washington to his old lioine at Spring- ';> Richmond, where he joined General Lee. On the 9th 
field. John Wilkes Booth, wlio committed this > of August he met Banks at Cedar Mountain, and a 
act, died from a shot received while his pursuers \ ^"sk engagement ensued, both sides falling back 
,..,,. ) upon their supports. In the movement of Lee s 

were endeavonng to arrest him. ; ^ , , , ., j , • ..i i *., <• a 

S army northward, which ended in the battle oi An- 

S tietam, Jackson was in the advance, and captured 



106 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Harper's Ferry, with 11,000 troops and a large 
amount of war material, on the loth of September. 
Subsequently, in the battles of Autielam and P'red- 
ericksburg, the bravery of his troops was conspic- 
uous His last battle was that of Coanccllorsville 
Lee ordered Jackson to make a fiank mr -ement on 
the right of the Army of the Potomac, then under 
the command of Hooker. The attack was made at 
six o'clock on the evening of the 2d of May, and so 
sudden and irresistible was the charge that, for a 
time, the Unioa right wing was completely routed, 
until the main body came to its support. The bat- 
tle raged fariously ; and, at nine o'clock in the even- 
ing, as Jackson and his stai" were returning from 
the front, they were mistaken in the dark for Un'on 
cavalry, and fired iuio by a South Carolina regi- 
ment. Several staff officers were instantly Killed, 
and Jackson himself wounded in both arms, one of 
which was amputated that niglit. Pneumonia soon 
set in, and on the lOtli of May, 1863, he died. His 
character was remarkable for its stern rigidity and 
religious enthusiasm, which he tried to communi- 
cate to his troops, holding religious services fre- 
quently, and regarding the cause of secession with 
pious fervor. 

Scott, Winfield, Brevet Lieutenant-Gene al of 
the U. S. Army, was born in Virginia in 1786. He 
studied law, with the intention of making it, his 
profession, but was diverted from his purpose by 
the threatening aspect of affairs with England, and, 
the army being enlarged to meet the emergency, 
Scott obtained a commission as cajjtain of light ar- 
tillery, and was stationed ai:. Baton Eouge. under 
General Wilkinson. His commander being super- 
seded. Captain Scott expressed the opinion that he 
had been concerned in Burr's conspiracy, for which 
he was court-martialed, and suspended for one year 
from rank and pay. In 1812, when tlie war with 
Great Britain broke out, he was appointed lieuten- 
ant-colonel, and was taken prisoner, Avith his com- 
mand, at the battle of Queenstown Heights, which 
he would have won, but for the refusal of the troops 
at Lewiston to co-operate with him. At the capture 
of Port George, Scott, having been made colonel, 
displayed great bravery in scaling the heights, and 
leading- on his men in the very face of the enemy. 
The British, having abandoned the fort, set fire to 
the magazines, and by the explosion of one of them, 
(blonel Scott was badly injured. He, nevertheless, 



hauled down tiie British flag, while two of his brave 
officei'S snatched away the matches from the other 
magazines. In 1814 he was made a Brigadier-Gen- 
eral, and was noted as a fine disciplinarian. The 
victories of Fort Erie, Chippewa, and Lundy's Lane, 
wliere he was twice severely wounded, were gained 
by him, and, as a reward for his gallantry, he was 
breveted major-general, received a gold medal from 
Congress, and was offered the pos on of Secretary 
of War, which he declined. Shortly after the ces- 
sation of hostilities, the Government sent him to 
Europe in an official capacity. When the Black 
Hawk war broke out, in 1832, he commanded the 
army, and was also prominent in the Creek war. 
In 1810 he declined the Whig nomination for the 
Presidency, in favor of General Harrison, and in 
1841, on the death of General Macomb, he was made 
general-in-chief, with the full rank of Major-General. 
Soon after the commencement of the war with Mex- 
ico, General Scott was sent thither, and, after gain 
ing the victories of Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, and Cha- 
pultepec, he entered the city of Mexico in triumph, 
after its evacua^'ion by General Santa Anna, and 
thus ended the war. After his return home, he was 
summoned before a court of inquiry, but was entirely 
acquitted, and received a vote of thanks from Con- 
gress. In 1848, General Scott was an unsuccessful 
candidate for the Whig nomination to the Presi- 
dency, but in 1852 he received the nomination in 
opposition to General Pierce, who was elected. In 
1855, he was breveted lieutenant-general, dating 
from 1847, in lionor of his Mexican services. He 
successfully adjusted the differences which arose in 
1859, between the United States ana England, in 
regard to the boundary 'ine of Britisli America. 
When the civil war broke out, his whole energies 
were given to the cause of the Government, hut his 
advanced age, with its consequent infirmities, ren- 
dered him unfit to cope with such a gigantic under- 
taking, and he accordingly retired from o2ice. Con- 
gress passing a special act which entitled him to 
retain his rank and pay. He made a visit to Europe, 
for the benefit of his health, in 1861, but soon re- 
turned, preferring to remain at home while his coim- 
try was in trouble. He lived to see the end of the 
war, and was mourned at his death, in 1866, as a 
soldier and patriot whose long life hi.d been nobiy 
spent in the service of his country. 



A r P E X D 1 X . 



107 



Grakt, Ulysses S., the eighteenth President 
of the United States, was born in Ohio, April 27, 
1822. At the age of seventeen years, he entered 
the West Point Military Academy, from which he 
graduated in 184:5. He served in the army during 
the war between tlie United States and Mexico 
(1846 and 1847), in which he displayed courage 
and skill. In 1852, he acconipanied his regiment 
to California and Oregon, where he was commis- 
sioned as captain ; but soon after he resigned, and 
removed to St. Louis, where he became a farmer 
and real estate agent. In 1859, he was employed 
l)y his father in the leather trade in Galena, III. 
When the civil war broke out he was appointed 
captain of a company of Illinois Volunteers; then 
colonel of a regiment, and soon after brigadier- 
general (1861). He seized Paducah and Smith- 
land, in Kentucky, and fought the battle of Bel- 
mont, in which his liorse was shot xinder him. 
Early in 1863, he started with 15,000 men, aided 
by Commodore Foote with a fleet of gunboats, 
for the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson 
which commanded the Tennessee and Cumber- 
laud Rivers, in the northern part of Tennessee. 
He was successful. It was here his celebrated 
answer was returned to the Confederate com- 
mander of Fort Donelson, "No terms other 
than an unconditional surrender." Grant was 
then made major-general and given the command 
of a large army at Pittsburg Lauding in South 
Tennessee, where the Confederates with great 
dash and vigor attacked and routed the Union 
forces with heavy loss. The latter, however, re- 
ceiving reinforcements the following morning, 
turned the tide of battle against the wearied Con- 
federates, firiving them from the field. In the 
first of these engagements, the Confederate Gen- 
eral Sidney A. Johnston was killed. He was suc- 
ceeded by General Beauregard. Some time after 
this a most important movement was made by 
Grant to capture Vicksburg, which surrendered 
(July 4, 1863) after a long and terrible siege. It 
was found that the inhal)itants had excavated 
caves in which to shelter themselves and families 
from the bursting shells which reached every 
part of the city. In the autumn following, one 



of the most brilliant victories of the war was 
achieved by Grunt at Chattanooga, in southeastera 
Tennessee. Here Generals Thomas, Sherman, and 
Hooker also distinguished themselves. After his 
appointment as lieutenant-general, Grant started 
for Richmond, which was defended by Gen. Robt. 
E, Lee. Proceeding south, he fought several bat- 
tles in which the Union troops suffered fearful 
slaughter; but he pushed on and laid siege to the 
city, and finally compelled Lee to leave it. Rich- 
mond was entered by the Union forces in April, 
1865, and in a few days afterward General Lee 
surreuilered the Army of Virginia; the war was 
then ended. Grant, after the war, was either Gen- 
eral of the Army or Secretary of War, until his 
election as President in 1868. He was re-elected 
in 1872. At the close of his administration, he 
made a tour around the world, and on his return 
took up his residence in New York. 

Lee, Robert E., born in Virginia, .June 19, 
1807, died October 12, 1870. He was graduated 
from West Point, second in his class, in 1829. He 
never, during his four years' course, received a 
single mark of demerit. He then served for several 
years under the Government, as an engineer in 
the improvement of rivers and harbors and the 
construction of forts ; and also, with great dis- 
tinction, under General Scott in the Mexican war. 
He was superintendent of the Military Academy 
at West Point from 1852 to 1855. At the breaking 
out of the civil war in 1861, he resigned the com- 
mission which he held in the United States Army. 
In June, 1862, he was given the command of the 
Confederate army at Richmond. Without delay he 
began the vigorous operations called the seven 
days' battles against General McClellan, who with 
a large Union army was moving on Richmond by 
way of the j)eninsula between the James and 
York Rivers. In these movements Lee was suc- 
cessful, for he forced McClellan to raise the siege 
of Richmond and retreat. Lee then pushed rap- 
idly north and threatened Washington. Defeat- 
ing General Pope with great loss in Union troops, 
he led the Confederate forces, now flushed with 
success, onward across the Potomac, as far as 
Antietam, in Maryland, where with 40.000 men 



108 



MONTEITH'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 



he met McClellan with twice that nuQiber. A 
territic battle ensued, and Lee was. compelled to 
retreat across the Potomac. Three months after 
this, Lee was attacked at Fredericksburg by Gen- 
eral Bumside, who succeeded McClellan in com- 
mand, but who was there defeated with fearful 
losses. Again encouraged, Lee started with a 
splendid army (1863) on his second invasion of the 
North, intent on reaching Philadelphia, and per- 
haps New York. Crossing Maryland, he entered 
Pennsylvania, to the great terror of the North, 
and having peneti'ated sixty miles north of Wash- 
ington, and less than forty miles from Harrisburg, 
he was met by the Union army under General 
Meade, and the celebrated battle of Gettysburg 
was fought. For three days in hot July this bat- 
tle lasted. It was in favor of the Confederates 
until the last day when, after the most heroic fight- 
ing on both sides, the Union forces triumphed, but 
with the loss of 23,000 men. Lee a^iain withdrew 
his army and entered Virginia. The following 
spring (1864), General Lee with 60,000 men en- 
deavored to keep back General Grant, who had 
just determined to cut his way on a straight line 
from t'.ie Potomac to Richmond with 140,000 
men. The two armies fought a series of des- 
perate battles, in the first of which, known as the 
Battle of the Wilderness, the loss of the Union 
forces in killed and wounded was frightful. Lee 
was compelled to witlidraw his army from Rich- 
mond, and finally to surrender. Soon after the 
close of tlie war, General Lee accepted the presi- 
dency of Washington College at Lexington, Va. 
His death was caused by paralysis. 

Garfield, James A., the twentieth President 
of the United States, was born in Ohio, Novem- 
ber 19, 1831. During his boyhood he contributed 
to the supiJort of his family by working on the 
farm, and at fourteen years of age, learned the 
carpenter's trade. In his seventeenth year he 
acted for a few months as a driver and helmsman 
on the Ohio Canal. 

In the spring of 1849, he entered Geauga 
Seminary at Chester, Ohio, and in the fall became 
teacher of a district school. He continued his 



studies at the Eclectic Institute of Hiram, paying 
his expenses by performing the double duties of 
student and janitor, and later, of student and 
teacher. He was graduated from Williams Col- 
lege. On his return to Ohio he became professor 
of literature and ancient languages in Hiram Col- 
lege, and at the age of twenty-six was made its 
president. 

He was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859. 
Having studied law while president of Hiram 
College, he was admitted to the bar in Columbus 
during his second winter in the Ohio Senate, and 
in 1866 was admitted to practice in the Supreme 
Court of the United States. 

After the first battle of Bull Run, he was of- 
fered a lieutenant-colonel's commission, and was 
mustered into the service August 16, 1861. He 
was soon after detailed to recruit the forty-sec- 
ond regiment of Ohio Volunteers, and was given 
his commission as its colonel in September. In 
December, 1861, he was placed in command of 
the eighteenth Ohio brigade in eastern Kentucky, 
where he conducted a winter's campaign against 
the Confede' .tcs in that section. In recognition 
of his services, President Lincoln then promoted 
him to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers. 
He was assigned to the command of the twentieth 
brigade, which reached Shiloh on the second day 
of the battle, and the next day he moved with 
General Sherman to the front. In 1863, he was 
made chief of staff" to General Rosecrans, who was 
in command of the Army of the Cumberland. 
General Garfield's military career closed with the 
battle of Chickamauga. He was ijromoted to the 
rank of major-general of volunteers, in recognition 
of his services at that battle. 

On resigning his commission in the army, he 
took his seat in Congress, and he served in the 
House until his elevation to the Senate, in 1880, 
in which year he was elected President. 

On July 2d, 1881, he was shot by an assassin 
in a railroad depot in Washington, and after a 
painful illness died at Elberon, New Jersey, Sep- 
tember 19. His death was mourned by the whole 
civilized world. 



Library of Congress 
Rrnnrh Rinderv. lOO^ 



